快乐生活一点通酱骨头里面介绍的酱骨头黄沙，大红果是什么？

　　大红果，也即是山楂。
　　【功效论述】

　　1.朱震亨：山楂，大能克化饮食。若胃中无食积，脾虚不能运化，不思食者，多服之，反克伐脾胃生发之气也。
　　2.《本草经疏》：山楂，《本经》云味酸气冷，然观其能消食积，行瘀血，则气非冷矣。有积滞则成下痢，产后恶露不尽，蓄于太阴部分则为儿枕痛。山楂能入脾胃消积滞，散宿血，故治水痢及产妇腹中块痛也。大抵其功长于化饮食，健脾胃，行结气，消瘀血，故小儿产妇宜多食之。《本经》误为冷，故有洗疮痒之用。
　　3.《本草通玄》：山楂，味中和，消油垢之积，故幼科用之最宜。若伤寒为重症，仲景于宿滞不化者，但用大、小承气，一百一十三方中并不用山楂，以其性缓不可为肩弘任大之品。核有功力，不可去也。
　　4.《本草求真》：山楂，所谓健脾者，因其脾有食积，用此酸咸之味，以为消磨，俾食行而痰消，气破而泄化，谓之为健，止属消导之健矣。至于儿枕作痛，力能以止；痘疮不起，力能以发；犹见通瘀运化之速。有大小二种，小者入药，去皮核，捣作饼子，日干用。出北地，大者良。
　　5.《纲目》：赤爪、棠梂、山楂，一物也。古方罕用，故《唐本草》虽有赤爪，后人不知即此也。自丹溪朱氏始著山楂之功，而后遂为要药。其类有二种，皆生山中：一种小者，山人呼为棠梂子、茅楂、猴楂，可入药用。树高数尺，叶有五尖，桠间有刺。三月开五出小白花，实有赤、黄二色，肥者如小林檎，小者如指头，九月乃熟。其核状如牵牛子，黑色，甚坚；一种大者，山人呼为羊朹子。树高丈余，花叶皆同，但实稍大而黄绿，皮涩肉虚为异尔。初甚酸涩，经霜乃可食，功应相同而采药者不收。按《物类相感志》言，煮老鸡硬肉，入山楂数颗即易烂，则其消肉积之功，盖可推矣。......化饮食，消肉积，症瘕，痰饮痞满吞酸，滞血痛胀。
　　6.《医学衷中参西录》：山楂，若以甘药佐之，化瘀血而不伤新血，开郁气而不伤正气，其性尤和平也。
　　7. 陶弘景：煮汁洗漆疮。8.《唐本草》：汁服主利，洗头及身上疮痒。9.《本草图经》：治痢疾及腰疼。10.《履巉岩本草》：能消食。11.《日用本草》：化食积，行结气，健胃宽膈，消血痞气块。12.《滇南本草》：消肉积滞，下气；治吞酸，积块。13.《本草蒙筌》：行结气，疗症疝。14.宁原《食鉴本草》：化血块，气块，活血。15.《本草再新》：治脾虚湿热，消食磨积，利大小便。16.《本草撮要》：冻疮涂之。


　　黄姜

　　黄姜其根茎果可直接入药，有祛湿清热解毒的功效；现已研究发现黄姜可提取120种成份及工业无法大量合成的昂贵的甾体类激素——皂苷元；此外根状茎含有 50%淀粉，可综合用于柠檬酸、酿酒和酒精生产，酒精水及废酸液可提取农用核酸。皂素的涤加工产品“双烯”、“胱胺酸”、“无水胱胺酸”等多种延伸产品又是我国出口创汇的重要产品国际市场十分紧销，外国商人闻讯而至，争相订货所以黄姜的经济价格很高，开发前景十分可观。


　　黄沙
　　一般的建筑中黄沙是没有用，甚至如果掺入沙里会降低沙浆的强度，影响工程的质量！

山楂 Hawthor（Crataegus）又称山里红，是一个蔷薇科苹果亚科的属，山楂英文介绍：
========
Crataegus
========
Hawthorn (Crataegus) is a large genus of shrubs and trees in the family Rosaceae, native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere in Europe, Asia and North America. The name hawthorn was originally applied to the species native to northern Europe, especially the Common Hawthorn C. monogyna, and the unmodified name is often so used in Britain and Ireland. However the name is now also applied to the entire genus, and also to the related Asian genus Rhaphiolepis.

They are shrubs and small trees growing to 5-15 m tall, characterized by their small pome fruit and thorny branches. The bark is smooth grey in young individuals, developing shallow longitudinal fissures with narrow ridges in older trees. The fruits are sometimes known as "haws", from which the name derived. The thorns grow from branches, and are typically 1-3 cm long. The leaves grow spirally arranged on long shoots, and in clusters on spur shoots on the branches or twigs. The leaves themselves have lobed or serrate margins and are somewhat variable shape.

The number of species in the genus depends on taxonomic interpretation, with numerous apomictic microspecies; some botanists recognise a thousand or more species, while others reduce the number to 200 or fewer.

Hawthorns provide food and shelter for many species of birds and mammals, and the flowers are important for many nectar-feeding insects. Hawthorns are also used as food plants by the larvae of a large number Lepidoptera species.

Many species and hybrids are used as ornamental and street trees. The Common Hawthorn is extensively used in Europe as a hedge plant. Several cultivars of the Midland Hawthorn C. laevigata have been selected for their pink or red flowers. Hawthorns are among the trees most recommended for water-conservation landscapes.

Culinary use

The fruits of the species Crataegus pinnatifida (Chinese Hawthorn) are tart, bright red, and resemble small crabapple fruits. They are used to make many kinds of Chinese snacks, including haw flakes and tanghulu (糖葫芦). The fruits, which are called shānzhā (山楂) in Chinese, are also used to produce jams, jellies, juices, alcoholic beverages, and other drinks. In South Korea, a liquor called sansachun (산사춘) is made from the fruits. To the western palate, drinks made from the fruits taste similar to barbecue sauce.

The fruits of Crataegus pubescens are known in Mexico as tejocotes and are eaten raw, cooked, or in jam during the winter months. They are stuffed in the piñatas broken during the traditional pre-Christmas parties known as posadas. They are also cooked with other fruits to prepare a Christmas punch. The mixture of tejocote paste, sugar, and chili powder produces a popular Mexican candy called rielitos, which is manufactured by several brands.

In the southern United States fruits of three native species are collectively known as mayhaws and are made into jellies which are considered a great delicacy. In Canada, where hawthorns are strongly associated with the culture of Manitoulin Island, the fruits are commonly known as hawberries.

The leaves are edible and, if picked in the months of April and May, they are tender enough to be used in salads.

Medicinal use

The dried fruits of Crataegus pinnatifida (called 山楂 or shān zhā in Chinese) are used in naturopathic medicine and traditional Chinese medicine, primarily as a digestive aid. A closely related species, Crataegus cuneata (Japanese Hawthorn, called sanzashi in Japanese) is used in a similar manner. Other species (especially Crataegus laevigata) are used in Western herbal medicine, where the plant is believed to strengthen cardiovascular function. In recent years, this use has been noted and adopted by Chinese herbalists as well. Hawthorn is also used as an aid to lower blood pressure, and treat some heart related diseases.

Clinical trials

Several clinical trials have assessed the ability of hawthorn to help improve exercise tolerance in people with NYHA class II cardiac insufficiency compared to placebo. One trial, at (300mg/day) for 4 to 8 weeks, found no difference from placebo. The second trial, including 78 subjects (600mg/day) for 8 weeks, found "significant improvement in exercise tolerance" and lower blood pressure and heart rate during exercise. The third trial, including 32 subjects (900mg/day) for 8 weeks, found improved exercise tolerance as well as a reduction in the "incidence and severity of symptoms such as dyspnea" and fatigue decreased by approximately 50%.

In the HERB-CHF (Hawthorn Extract Randomized Blinded Chronic HF Study) clinical trial, 120 patients took 450mg of hawthorn extract twice daily for 6 months in combination with standard therapy and a standardized exercise program. "No effects of hawthorn were seen on either quality-of-life endpoint (Tables 1 and 2), or when adjusted for LVEF".

One study, consisting of 1011 patients taking one tablet (standardized to 84.3mg procyanidin) twice daily for 24 weeks, found "improvements in clinical symptoms (such as fatigue, palpitations, and exercise dyspnea), performance and exercise tolerance test, and ejection fraction".

Other uses

The wood of some hawthorn species is very hard and resistant to rot. In rural North America it was prized for use as tool handles and fence posts.

Side effects

Overdose can cause cardiac arrhythmia and dangerously lower blood pressure. Milder side effects include nausea and sedation.