请问初中的英语语法都有哪些啊?

kuaidi.ping-jia.net  作者:佚名   更新日期:2024-07-28
初中的英语语法主要有哪些

一般现在时 do
一般过去时 did
一般将来时 will do
现在进行时 is(am are)doing
过去进行时 was(were)doing
一般过去将来时 would do
过去完成时态 had done
现在完成时 have(has)done
一、 一般现在时
1、定义 表示经常发生的动作或存在的状态,如能力、特征、性质、身份等.
2、构成 1) be --- is, am, are 2) 实意动词用原形表示 (注意当主语为第三人称单数时,动词 + s或 + es)
句型转换 1) 情态动词,联系动词提前或直接在其后加 not 2) 实意动词加do/ does或don't/ doesn't
3、用法 1) 表示经常性的、习惯性的或永久性的动作,常与 always, usually, often, sometimes, every day,
twice a month等连用. e.g. Does he usually go to school on foot?
2) 表示存在的状态,常用动词 be, have, love, like, know, see, hear, think, have, belong to 等.注意这些
动词一般不用被动语态. e.g. He doesn't like music.
3) 表示不受时间限制的客观事实或普遍真理. e.g. The earth goes round the sun.
二、一般过去时
1、定义 表示过去某一时间内发生的动作或存在的状态,可能是一次的,也可能是经常的,动作已完成.
2、构成 1) be – was,were 2) 实意动词用过去式来表示,没有人称和数的变化.
句型转换 1) was, were 提前或直接加 not 2) 实意动词加did或didn't(动词改为原形)
3、用法 1) 表示过去某一时间内发生的动作或存在的状态,常与表示过去的时间状语连用 yesterday , last Friday, in 1994, an hour ago, a moment ago, last November, before 1997, on December 26, 1976. yesterday morning.
2) 表示过去经常或反复发生的动作. When I was in the university, I did morning exercises every day.
3) had(have的过去式)当“有”讲时,构成疑问和否定有两种形式,其他词义同实意动词.
Did you have no friends? He hasn't enough time.
My father doesn't have lunch at factory. (不用 haven't) Did you have a good time?
三、一般将来时
1、定义 表示将来某一时间内要发生的动作或存在的状态,常与表示将来的时间状语连用.如tomorrow, today, this week, next week, next month, next year, next Wednesday, from now on, in a year, in the future
2、构成和用法1)shall (第一人称)和will (所有人称) + 动词原形, 缩写为 “'ll”,否定缩写为shan't, won't.
2) be going to do,常用于口语,表示打算去做的事和可能要发生的事. It's going to rain.
3) is/ am/ are about to do...when...表马上要发生的事,不与时间连用.I was about to leave when it rained.
4) be to do sth. 按计划或职责、义务要求必须做的事或即将发生的动作.
5) 终止性动词come, go, leave, arrive等的现在进行时刻表示按计划,安排或即将进行的动作.
6) 以if, as soon as, when, once, unless等引导的从句的一般现在时表示一般将来时.
四、过去将来时
1、定义 表示从过去某一时间来看将要发生的动作或存在的状态.
2、构成及用法 should (第一人称)或would (第二,三人称) + 动词原形,常用于宾语从句中.
We asked him where we should have a meeting. 其他用法见一般将来时.
五、现在进行时和过去进行时
定义:现在进行时表示1)现在正在进行的动作 2)现阶段一直在进行,延续性 3)目前阶段临时发生的动作,暂时性. is/ am/ are + doing
过去进行时表示1)过去某时正在进行的动作 2)过去某段时间正在进行的动作 3)过去瞬间发生的动作.was/ were + doing
Notes:1. 表安排、计划要发生的动作可用进行时表示将来时.这些终止性动词有arrive, begin, come, go, leave, start
2. 现在进行时与always, often等频率副词连用,表示厌烦、赞叹等感情.
3. 在条件从句中,时间状语从句中用现在进行时表示将来进行时.
4. 同理,在表条件、时间状语从句中,用过去进行时表示过去将来进行时,在一些表开始,离开的动词用过去进行时表过去将来时.
用法: 1. 现在完成时表示现阶段完成的动作或存在的状态,动作或状态从过去开始延续到现在,可能终止,
即动作发生在过去强调对现在的影响,与现在有关,常与 already, ever, lately, just, now, recently, yet,
for + 段时间, since + 点时间;in the last/ past three years, so far, by now, up to now/ present等连用
2. 过去时指过去某时或某一段时间发生的动作或存在的状态.指的现在之前的情况,与现在无关
3. 过去完成时指的过去某一时间动作之前发生的动作或存在的状态,“过去的过去”.常用句型:
1) had done + before/ when/ by the time + did 2) did + after/ until + had done
3) had done + by/ up/ since/ till + 过去时间 4) No sooner had + S. + done ... than ... did ...
5) Hardly/ Scarcely had + S. + done ... when ... did ... 6) had meant to do …
Notes: 1. just“刚才”表示刚刚过去,可以看成与说话时间紧密相连,可与现在完成时连用,也可以与过去时连用.但just now“刚才”=a moment ago, 只表示过去时间,只与过去时连用.
2. 一些终止性动词不能用完成时态的肯定句与延续多久的时间状语连用,要用表状态的动词或用动词+介词短语或+形容词的完成式,还可以用it is+多少时间+since的句型.
3. since自从……以来 conj + 从句 prep + 表示“时间点”的名词.for prep.+ 多少时间,表示一段时间.
He has been studying since 3 o'clock/ since 3 hours ago/ since he came. He's been here for five hours.
4. in the past/last+多少时间,表示最近一段时间,用完成时,不用过去时.
5. have been去过某地(不在去过地)have gone到某地去了(不在说话地方).一,二人称不能用have gone. 6. 在美语中have/ has got = have/ has.
7. hardly...when..., no sooner...than... 引导倒装句,常与过去完成时连用.
8. hope, intend, mean, plan, think, want常用过去完成时表示过去的意图而实际没有实现的情况
1、名词

1可数名词及其单复数;
2不可数名词
3专有名词
4名词所有格
2、代词
1人称代词
2物主代词
3反身代词
4指示代词
5不定代词
6疑问代词
3、数词
1基数词
2序数词
4、介词和介词短语
5、连词
6、形容词
1形容词的基本用法
2形容词的比较级和最高级
7、副词
1副词的基本用法
2副词的比较级和最高级
8、冠词
9、动词
1动词的基本形式
2系动词
3及物动词和不及物动词
4助动词
5情态动词
10、时态
1一般现在时
2一般过去时
3一般将来时
4现在进行时
5现在完成时
6过去进行时
7过去完成时
11、被动语态
12、动词不定式
13、构词法
1合成法
2派生法
3转化法
4缩写和简写
14、句子的种类
1陈述句(肯定式和否定式)
2疑问句(一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句)
3祈使句
4感叹句
15、句子成分
1主语
2谓语
3表语
4宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语)
5补语
6定语
7状语
16、简单句基本句型
1主语+系动词+表语
2主语+不及物动词
3主语+及物动词+宾语
4主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语
5主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语
6there be句型
17、并列复合句
18、主从复合句
1宾语从句
2状语从句
3定语从句
19、直接引语与间接引语

语法系统比较复杂,这里只能给你罗列一些【语法点】,而具体语法点的内容只能你自己去补充了,这里写不完的

名词
2. 代词
3. 数词
4. 介词和介词短语
5. 连词
6. 形容词(比较级、最高级)
7. 副词(比较级、最高级)
8. 冠词
9. 动词(„„情态动词)
10. 时态
现在进行时
一般现在时
一般过去时
一般将来时
过去进行时
过去将来时
过去完成时
现在完成时
11. 被动语态
12. 非谓语动词:动词不定式
13. 主从复合句
宾语从句
状语从句(if,unless,although,so that )
定语从句(who,that,which)
14. 直接引语与间接引语

基本句型一: S V (主+谓)

基本句型二: S V P (主+谓+表)

基本句型三: S V O (主+谓+宾)

基本句型四: S V o O (主+谓+间宾+直宾)

基本句型五; S V O C (主+谓+宾+宾补)

八大时态
一、 一般现在时:

1.概念:经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。

2.时间状语: always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week, on Sundays,

3.基本结构:动词 原形 (如主语为第三人称单数,动词上要加(e)S)

4.否定形式:am/is/are+not;此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词,则在其前加don't,如主语为第三人称单数,则用doesn't,同时还原行为动词。

5.一般疑问句:把be动词放于句首;用助动词do提问,如主语为第三人称单数,则用does,同时,还原行为动词。

6.例句:. It seldom snows here.

He is always ready to help others.

Action speaks louder than words.

二、 一般过去时:

1.概念:过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态;过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。

2.时间状语:ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month…), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.

3.基本结构:be动词;行为动词

4.否定形式:was/were+not;在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原行为动词。

5.一般疑问句:was或were放于句首;用助动词do的过去式did 提问,同时还原行为动词。

6.例句:She often came to help us in those days.

I didn't know you were so busy.

三、 现在进行时:

1.概念:表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。

2.时间状语:now, at this time, these days, etc.

3.基本结构:am/is/are+doing

4.否定形式:am/is/are+not+doing.

5.一般疑问句:把be动词放于句首。

6.例句: How are you feeling today?

He is doing well in his lessons.

四、 过去进行时:

1.概念:表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。

2.时间状语:at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。

3.基本结构:was/were+doing

4.否定形式:was/were + not + doing.

5.一般疑问句:把was或were放于句首。

6.例句:At that time she was working in a PLA unit.

When he came in, I was reading a newspaper.

五、 现在完成时:

1.概念:过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,或从过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态。

2.时间状语:recently, lately, since…for…,in the past few years, etc.

3.基本结构:have/has + done

4.否定形式:have/has + not +d one.

5.一般疑问句:have或has。

6.例句:I've written an article.

It has been raining these days.

六、 过去完成时:

1.概念:以过去某个时间为标准,在此以前发生的动作或行为,或在过去某动作之前完成的行为,即“过去的过去”。

2.时间状语:before, by the end of last year(term, month…),etc.

3.基本结构:had + done.

4.否定形式:had + not + done.

5.一般疑问句:had放于句首。

6.例句:As soon as we got to the station, the train had left.

By the end of last month. We had reviewed four books

七、 一般将来时:

1.概念:表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。

2.时间状语:tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon, in a few minutes, by…,the day after tomorrow, etc.

3.基本结构:am/is/are/going to + do;will/shall + do.

4.否定形式:was/were + not; 在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原行为动词。

5.一般疑问句:be放于句首;will/shall提到句首。

6.例句:They are going to have a competition with us in studies.

It is going to rain.

八、 过去将来时:

1.概念:立足于过去某一时刻,从过去看将来,常用于宾语从句中。

2.时间状语:the next day(morning, year…),the following month(week…),etc.

3.基本结构:was/were/going to + do;would/should + do.

4.否定形式:was/were/not + going to + do;would/should + not + do.

5.一般疑问句:was或were放于句首;would/should 提到句首。

6.例句:He said he would go to Beijing the next day

1. 人称代词
主格: I we you she he it they
宾格: me us you her him it them
形容词性物主代词:my our your her his its their
名词性物主代词: mine ours yours hers his its theirs

2.形容词和副词的比较级
(1) 一般在形容词或副词后+er
older taller longer stronger, etc
(2) 多音节词前+more
more interesting, etc.
(3) 双写最后一个字母,再+er
bigger fatter, etc.
(4) 把y变i,再+er
heavier, earlier
(5) 不规则变化:
well-better, much/many-more, etc.

3.可数词的复数形式
Most nouns + s a book –books
Nouns ending in a consonant +y - y+ ies a story—stories
Nouns ending in s, sh, ch or x + es a glass—glasses a watch-watches
Nouns ending in o +s or +es a piano—pianos a mango—mangoes
Nouns ending in f or fe - f or fe +ves a knife –knives a shelf-shelves

4.不可数名词(单复数形式不变)
bread, rice, water ,juice etc.

5. 缩略形式
I’m = I am you’re = you are she’s = she is he’s = he is
it’s = it is who’s =who is can’t =can not isn’t=is not etc

6. a/an
a book, a peach
an egg an hour

7. Preposition:
on, in ,in front of, between, next to, near, beside, at, behind.
表示时间: at six o’clock, at Christmas, at breakfast
on Monday on 15th July On National Day
in the evening in December in winter

8. 基数词和序数词
one – first two-second twenty-twentieth

9. Some /any
I have some toys in my bedroom.
Do you have any brothers or sisters?

10. be 动词
(1) Basic form: am/are/is
(2) 肯定和否定句 I am(not) from London.
My eyes are(not) small.
My hair is(not) long.
(3)一般疑问句: Am I a Chniese? Yes, you are. No, you aren’t.
Are they American? Yes, they are. No, they aren’t.
Is the cat fat? Yes, it is. No, it isn’t.

11. there be 结构
肯定句: There is a …
There are …
一般疑问句:Is there …? Yes, there is./ No, there isn’t.
Are there…? Yes, there are. /No, there aren’t.
否定句: There isn’t …. There aren’t….

12. 祈使句
Sit down please
Don’t sit down, please.

13. 现在进行时.通常用“now”.
形式: be + verb +ing
eg: I am(not) doing my homework.
You/We/They are(not) reading.
He/She/It is(not) eating.

动词 —ing 的形式
Most verbs +ing walk—walking
Verbs ending in e -e + ing come—coming
Short verbs ending in a vowel + a consonant run –running swim—swimming

14 一般现在时。通常用 “usually, often, every day, sometimes”。
形式:
肯定句:
I go to school on foot every day.
She goes to school on foot every day

定语从句,间接引语和直接引语,状语从句,名词性从句,被动语态,非谓语动词。。。。希望对你有帮助

一般现在时:主语+动词原形/单三人称+...。
一般过去时:主语+动词的过去式+...。
一般将来时:主语+shall/will/be going to+动词原形 +...。
现在进行时: 主语+be(is/are/am)+doing+...。
过去进行时: 主语+be(was/were)+doing+...。
现在完成时: 主语+has/have+动词过去分词+...。
过去完成时:主语+had+动词过去分词 +...。
过去将来时:主语+would+动词原形+...。一定对的,快快采纳哟!
由动词开头构成的短语、词组很多。复习时应分类处理:
从句
从句分为定语从句,状语从句和名词从句三大类。定语从句又分为限定性和非限定性从句两种,由关系代词或关系副词引导,修饰主句的某个成分。状语从句分为时间、结果、让步、原因、条件及行为方式状语从句。名词从句包括主语、宾语、表语和同位语从句及there be句型。
1.定语从句
限定性定语从句中that可代表人和事,而which只代表事;二者在从句中作主语或宾语。that作宾语时常可省略,which则不能,而且其后的“不及物动词+介词’’中的介词不能省略。which作宾语时,先行词与which之间的介词不能省。例如:
1.The first doll that could say“mama”was invented in 1830.
2.The second half of his voyage was by far the more dangerous part,during which he sailed round the Cape Horn.
代表a11,anything,something,nothing,much等词时,用that而不用which,that作宾语可省略。例如:
1.I care anything that has something to do with it.
2.You'd better do something he prefers to do to please him.
3.That is the last time we met each other.
4.I came across the woman you told me about yesterday.
who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人,分别作从句的主语和宾语。where是关系副词,用于表示地点的定语从句,而when用来表示时间。whose是关系代词,修饰名词作定语。例如:
1.Henry Ford is the person who is most responsible for developing the idea of mass production.
2.The knee is the joint where the thigh bone meets the large bone of the lower leg.
3.The next morning when she came down to breakfast Mary was beaming with the pleasure of a new,great discovery.
4.The visiting professor is a famous scientist whose son studies in my department.
在下列情况,限定性定语从句的关系代词可以省略:
1)当关系代词在从句中作宾语或表语;或它们在从句中作介词的宾语,而该介词又在句末时;
2)当先行词是that,all,only,everything,something,nothing等代词时,或先行词前有一个最高级形容词修饰时;
3)当先行词前有only,any,all,first,no,last等修饰时,或先行词就是time,moment,way(anyway),direction,distance等名词时,关系代词即可省略。例如:
1.The delegation we had been waiting for finally arrived.
2.I met the woman you told me about.
3.She gave me all she could afford.
4.With TV we can see things happen almost at the exact moment they are happening.
非限定性定语从句,其作用为:对所修饰的成分作进一步的说明,它与主句用逗号隔开。此类从句省略后其余部分仍可成立。在非限定性定语从句中,which可代表前面的整个句子;代表人时只能用who,whom,而不能用that;as也可用作关系代词。例如:
1.The telephone,as we know,was the invention of Alexander Graham Bell.
2.The Little White House in Warm Springs was the Georgia home President 3.Franklin D.Roosevelt,who died there on April 12,1945.
4.Living in a damp house for a long time is harmful to one’s health,which is known to everyone.
2.状语从句
状语从句可分为:时间状语从句(主要由when,whenever,after,before,a5,slnce,once,assoonas,Until,while等连词引导),结果状语从句(由so…that和such…that连接),让步状语从句(由though,although no matter,even if however,whatever等词引导),原因状语从句(由as,because,since和for引导),条件状语从句(由if whether,as long as,provided that等词引导),地点状语从句(由where引导),行为方式状语从句(由as引导)。有时条件状语从句中,主句不可以用将来时,而用一般时代替。例如:
1.The small greenish flowers of the elm tree appear in the Spring long before the leaves grow.
2.QiongYao's novels used to be so popular that her books appeared on best-seller lists.
3.Gas balloon is less safe than hot balloon because it may catch fire.
4.Uniform acceleration (同样的加速) occurs if the rate of change remains the same over successive equal intervals of time.
5.Thousands of Chinese college students went to the US Consulate 6.Shanghai,where they protested NATO's bombing at China's Embassy in Yugoslavia.
状语从句中的 “主语+be”可以省略,前提是:从句主语和主句主语一致,且从句谓语“be”省略后的结构为“连词+现在分词/过去分词介词短语/形容词/名词短语”。) 例如:
1.When well fitted glasses can correct most sight defects in healthy eyes.
2.If necessary,I would like to see you in your office.
3.Although seriously wounded,he never complained.
3.名词从句
名词从句包括主语从句、宾语从句,其中有介词与形容词的宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
1)主语从句
主语从句常出现在it is+名词、形容词、分词+主语从句”的形式中。例如:
1.It is reported that Taiwanese pop singer Meng Tingwei will hold a solo concert in Shanghai someday this month.
2.It must be pointed out that you have failed to meet the deadline.
3.It usually happened that I was late because of traffic jams.
主语从句还可用when,where,how,why,whether等连接副词,和who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whatever,whichever等连接代词来引起。例如:
1.How to arrange the meeting is not your task.
2.Whose candidate will win the election is the question both political parties are asking.
3.When I leave is my own decision.
4.Whoever will go to the party won't change my mind of staying at home.
2)宾语从句
宾语从句可由that 疑问代词或副词how,why和where等引出。例如:
1.To postpone the conference until next month indicated that they were unprepared.
2.Nearly a11 the staff agreed with what I said.
3.Everyone worried about her because no one was aware of where she had gone.
4.Could you offer more details except that it happened at night?
由what,whether,how引导的宾语从句可用在介词后,而由that引导的从句只跟but,besides,except,in save之后。例如:
1.I can hardly believe in what they have done.
2.He doesn’t know my phone number except that the city code is 021.
一些表语性的形容词,如:alarmed,amazed,annoyed,astonished certain,confident disappointed glad pleased proud sad shocked sure surprised worried ect.做表语时,后面可跟由that how等引导的宾语从句。例如:
1.I was amazed how he could pass the exam without attending the lectures.
2.He is confident that he will pass the Band 6 examination.
3.She was surprised how simple his problem is.
4.We are all pleased that he will be able to pass the final examination.
3)表语从句
表语从句对主语的内容起解释和阐述的作用;若表语从句用that引起,that起连接作用,不能省略。b表语从句也可用连接词how,when,where,why,what引起。由because引起的表语从句通常只用在“this/that/it is because” 结构中。例如:
1.A logarithm(对数) is what is known in algebra exponent(代数的指数).
2.One thing I admire most about them is that they are hospitable.
3.She works too hard;That is why she is exhausted.
4.I must point out that where you intend to build a super-market is where the elderly do exercise every day.
4)同位语从句
同位语从句是由两个或两个以上同一层次语言单位组成的结构,其中前项与后项所指相同,句法功能相同。同位语从句由that引导,也可由whether,how,why,where when等来引导。例如:
1.She ignored the teacher's instruction that she must study hard.
2.The question whether or not I should help him in such a case troubled me greatly.

初中英语语法涉及的时态主要就是8种:
一般现在时,现在进行时,现在完成时
一般过去是,过去进行时,过去完成时
一般将来是,将来进行时
要求稍微高一点的需要掌握:
现在完成进行时,过去完成进行时,将来完成时和将来完成进行时
被动语态肯定是有的。
虚拟语气只涉及标准的非真实条件句中的虚拟。
一般现在时,we
watch
TV
everyday.
现在进行时,what
are
you
doing?
现在完成时
i
have
finished
my
paper.
一般过去是,the
train
left
a
moment
ago.
过去进行时,i
was
watch
TV
then.
过去完成时
he
was
worried
about
what
he
had
heard.
一般将来是,will
you
go
with
us?
将来进行时
i
will
be
having
a
meeting
tomorrow
at
this
time.
现在完成进行时,it
has
been
raining
for
three
hours.
过去完成进行时,不常用,其谓语是
had
been
doing
将来完成时
the
train
will
have
left
by
the
time
you
get
there
on
foot.
将来完成进行时
不常用,其谓语是
will
have
been
doing
被动语态
the
window
was
broken.
如果句
if
it
doesn't
rain
tomorrow,i
will
go
to
school.

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