求求英文好的朋友帮忙翻译!
kuaidi.ping-jia.net 作者：佚名 更新日期：2024-06-29
求英文好的朋友帮忙翻译。
大约在50亿年前，宇宙所有的物质都高度密集在一点，有着极高的温度，因而发生了巨大的爆炸。||About at 5,000,000,000 year ago, the material that cosmos is all is all high intensively in 1:00, have got the alpine temperature, as a result took place the enormous Bang.大爆炸以后，物质开始向外大膨胀，就形成了今天我们看到的宇宙。||About at 5,000,000,000 year ago, the material that cosmos is all is all high intensively in 1:00, have got the alpine temperature, as a result took place the enormous Bang.Big Bang later on, the material starts the outwardly big inflation, became today the cosmos that we see.大爆炸的整个过程是复杂的，现在只能从理论研究的基础上描绘过去远古的宇宙发展史。||About at 5,000,000,000 year ago, the material that cosmos is all is all high intensively in 1:00, have got the alpine temperature, as a result took place the enormous Bang.Big Bang later on, the material starts the outwardly big inflation, became today the cosmos that we see.Big whole process that explode is complicated, a foundation for can from the theories studying ascends the cosmos development history of the past time immemorial in description now.在这150亿年中先后诞生了星系团、星系、我们的银河系、恒星、太阳系、行星、卫星等。||About at 5,000,000,000 year ago, the material that cosmos is all is all high intensively in 1:00, have got the alpine temperature, as a result took place the enormous Bang.Big Bang later on, the material starts the outwardly big inflation, became today the cosmos that we see.Big whole process that explode is complicated, a foundation for can from the theories studying ascends the cosmos development history of the past time immemorial in description now.Bore the galaxy regiment, galaxy, our galaxy, fixed star, solar system, planet, satellite...etc||About at 5,000,000,000 year ago, the material that cosmos is all is all high intensively in 1:00, have got the alpine temperature, as a result took place the enormous Bang.Big Bang later on, the material starts the outwardly big inflation, became today the cosmos that we see.Big whole process that explode is complicated, a foundation for can from the theories studying ascends the cosmos development history of the past time immemorial in description now.Bore the galaxy regiment, galaxy, our galaxy, fixed star, solar system, planet, satellite...etc. successively in these 15,000,000,000 years.现在我们看见的和看不见的一切天体和宇宙物质，形成了当今的宇宙形态，人类就是在这一宇宙演变中诞生的。||successively in these 15,000,000,000 years.We see now of with unseen and the whole heavenly bodies with cosmos material, the cosmos appearance that became the now, mankind is in this cosmos turn in to bear||successively in these 15,000,000,000 years.We see now of with unseen and the whole heavenly bodies with cosmos material, the cosmos appearance that became the now, mankind is in this cosmos turn in to bear.
对此，人们开始反思，如果把这些向四面八方远离中的星系运动倒过来看，它们可能当初是从同一源头发射出去的，是不是在宇宙之初发生过一次难以想像的宇宙大爆炸呢？||To this, people start anti think, if keep off these toward the all directions inside of the galaxy sport pour to come over to see, they are probably to project to go to from same source hair at the beginning of, is at the early occurrence of the cosmos over big Bang in once hard and imaginary cosmos||To this, people start anti think, if keep off these toward the all directions inside of the galaxy sport pour to come over to see, they are probably to project to go to from same source hair at the beginning of, is at the early occurrence of the cosmos over big Bang in once hard and imaginary cosmos?后来又观测到了充满宇宙的微波背景辐射，就是说大约在150亿年前宇宙大爆炸所产生的余波虽然是微弱的但确实存在。||Prognosticated afterwards and again the alive with cosmic microwave background radiates, ising to say about at 15,000,000,000 the aftermath of big Bang in cosmos in year ago a creations although is a weak definite exsitting.这一发现对宇宙大爆炸是个有力的支持。||Prognosticated afterwards and again the alive with cosmic microwave background radiates, ising to say about at 15,000,000,000 the aftermath of big Bang in cosmos in year ago a creations although is a weak definite exsitting.This a the detection is an emollient support to the big Bang in cosmos||Prognosticated afterwards and again the alive with cosmic microwave background radiates, ising to say about at 15,000,000,000 the aftermath of big Bang in cosmos in year ago a creations although is a weak definite exsitting.This a the detection is an emollient support to the big Bang in cosmos.
宇宙大爆炸的观点:
1932年勒梅特首次提出了现代宇宙大爆炸理论：整个宇宙最初聚集在一个“原始原子”中，后来发生了大爆炸，碎片向四面八方散开，形成了我们的宇宙。||The standpoint of the big Bang in cosmos:
The plum of 勒 is with putting forward the big Bang in modern cosmos theories for the very first time in 1932:Whole cosmos comes together at the beginning in a" primitive atom", taking place the big Bang afterwards, the fragment spreads out to all directions, becoming our cosmos.美籍俄国天体物理学家伽莫夫第一次将广义相对论融入到宇宙理论中，提出了热大爆炸宇宙学模型：宇宙开始于高温、高密度的原始物质，最初的温度超过几十亿度，随着温度的继续下降，宇宙开始膨胀。||The standpoint of the big Bang in cosmos:
The plum of 勒 is with putting forward the big Bang in modern cosmos theories for the very first time in 1932: Whole cosmos comes together at the beginning in a" primitive atom", taking place the big Bang afterwards, the fragment spreads out to all directions, becoming our cosmos.The Russia astrophysical house in U.S. citizen 伽莫 man melted into general theory of Relativity to for the first time in the cosmos theories, putting forward the hot and big Bang cosmos learned the model:The cosmos begins from the primitive material of the heat, high definition, the first temperature exceeds several 1,000,000,000 degree, descend continuously along with the temperature, the cosmos starts inflating||The standpoint of the big Bang in cosmos:
The plum of 勒 is with putting forward the big Bang in modern cosmos theories for the very first time in 1932: Whole cosmos comes together at the beginning in a" primitive atom", taking place the big Bang afterwards, the fragment spreads out to all directions, becoming our cosmos.The Russia astrophysical house in U.S. citizen 伽莫 man melted into general theory of Relativity to for the first time in the cosmos theories, putting forward the hot and big Bang cosmos learned the model: The cosmos begins from the primitive material of the heat, high definition, the first temperature exceeds several 1,000,000,000 degrees, descend continuously along with the temperature, the cosmos starts inflating.
1965年，彭齐亚斯和威尔逊发现了宇宙背景辐射，后来他们证实宇宙背景辐射是宇宙大爆炸时留下的遗迹，从而为宇宙大爆炸理论提供了重要的依据。||Year, the second 斯 in齐 in彭 discoverses cosmos background radiating with Pete Wilson, afterwards they confirm the cosmos background radiation is a historic relic that hour of big Bang in cosmos leave, from but provided the important basis for the big Bang in cosmos theories.他们也因此获1978年诺贝尔物理学奖。||Year, the second 斯 in 齐 in 彭 discoverses cosmos background radiating with Pete Wilson, afterwards they confirm the cosmos background radiation is a historic relic that hour of big Bang in cosmos leave, from but provided the important basis for the big Bang in cosmos theories.They also therefore get the 1978 the Nobel physics prize||Year, the second 斯 in 齐 in 彭 discoverses cosmos background radiating with Pete Wilson, afterwards they confirm the cosmos background radiation is a historic relic that hour of big Bang in cosmos leave, from but provided the important basis for the big Bang in cosmos theories.They also therefore get the 1978 the Nobel physics prize.
20世纪科学的智慧和毅力在霍金的身上得到了集中的体现。||The intelligence of science of century got the concentrated with perseverance in the golden body in霍 now.他对于宇宙起源后10-43秒以来的宇宙演化图景作了清晰的阐释||The intelligence of science of century got the concentrated with perseverance in the golden body in 霍 now.He evolves to cosmos origins empress 10-43 cosmos for since thens the diagram view made the clear 阐 releases.
宇宙的起源：最初是比原子还要小的奇点，然后是大爆炸，通过大爆炸的能量形成了一些基本粒子，这些粒子在能量的作用下，逐渐形成了宇宙中的各种物质。||Cosmic origins:Is every kind of material that energy to compare the atom to still want to be small a little bit strange, then is a big Bang, pass the big Bang became the some basic a son at the beginning, these sonses function in energy is next, becoming the cosmos inside gradually.至此，大爆炸宇宙模型成为最有说服力的宇宙图景理论。||Cosmic origins:Is every kind of material that energy to compare the atom to still want to be small a little bit strange, then is a big Bang, pass the big Bang became the some basic a son at the beginning, these sonses function in energy is next, becoming the cosmos inside gradually.To this, the big Bang cosmos model becomes the most persuasive cosmos diagram view theories.然而，至今宇宙大爆炸理论仍然缺乏大量实验的支持，而且我们尚不知晓宇宙开始爆炸和爆炸前的图景。||Cosmic origins:Is every kind of material that energy to compare the atom to still want to be small a little bit strange, then is a big Bang, pass the big Bang became the some basic a son at the beginning, these sonses function in energy is next, becoming the cosmos inside gradually.To this, the big Bang cosmos model becomes the most persuasive cosmos diagram view theories.However, the big Bang in cosmos in until now theories still lacks the support that large quantity experiment, and we do not understand still the cosmos starts exploding with explode the ex- diagram view||Cosmic origins:Is every kind of material that energy to compare the atom to still want to be small a little bit strange, then is a big Bang, pass the big Bang became the some basic a son at the beginning, these sonses function in energy is next, becoming the cosmos inside gradually.To this, the big Bang cosmos model becomes the most persuasive cosmos diagram view theories.However, the big Bang in cosmos in until now theories still lacks the support that large quantity experiment, and we do not understand still the cosmos starts exploding with explode the ex- diagram view.
宇宙大爆炸理论:大爆炸理论
大爆炸理论是关于宇宙形成的最有影响的一种学说，英文说法为Big Bang，也称为大爆炸宇宙论。||Big Bang in cosmos theories: big Bang theories
The big Bang theories becomes concerning the cosmos of have most a kind of theory of the influence, the English way of speaking is a Big Bang, also calling the big Bang cosmology.大爆炸理论诞生于20世纪20年代，在40年代得到补充和发展，但一直寂寂无闻。||Big Bang in cosmos theories: big Bang theories
The big Bang theories becomes concerning the cosmos of have most a kind of theory of the influence, the English way of speaking is a Big Bang, also calling the big Bang cosmology.It is big to explode the theories the naissance in the 20's of 20 centuries, get complement with develop in 40's, but always the 寂寂 has no to smell.直到50年代，人们才开始广泛注意这个理论。||Big Bang in cosmos theories: big Bang theories
The big Bang theories becomes concerning the cosmos of have most a kind of theory of the influence, the English way of speaking is a Big Bang, also calling the big Bang cosmology.It is big to explode the theories the naissance in the 20' the 20 centurieses of s of, get complement with develop in 40' s, but always the 寂寂 has no to smell.People did not start the extensive noticing this theories until 50's||Big Bang in cosmos theories: big Bang theories
The big Bang theories becomes concerning the cosmos of have most a kind of theory of the influence, the English way of speaking is a Big Bang, also calling the big Bang cosmology.It is big to explode the theories the naissance in the 20' the an of s of, get complement with develop in 40' s, but always the 寂寂 has no to smell.People did not start the extensive noticing this theories until 50's.
大爆炸理论的主要观点是认为我们的宇宙曾有一段从热到冷的演化史。||The theoretical and main standpoint in big Bang is to thinks that our cosmos once have a segment from heat to evolve the history coldly.在这个时期里，宇宙体系并不是静止的，而是在不断地膨胀，使物质密度从密到稀地演化。||The theoretical and main standpoint in big Bang is to thinks that our cosmos once have a segment from heat to evolve the history coldly.In this periodly, cosmos system and is not static, but in the steadily inflation, make material density from 密 to evolve sparsely.这一从热到冷、从密到稀的过程如同一次规模巨大的爆发。根据大爆炸宇宙学的观点，大爆炸的整个过程是：在宇宙的早期，温度极高，在100亿度以上。物质密度也相当大，整个宇宙体系达到平衡。宇宙间只有中子、质子、电子、光子和中微子等一些基本粒子形态的物质。但是因为整个体系在不断膨胀，结果温度很快下降。当温度降到10亿度左右时，中子开始失去自由存在的条件，它要么发生衰变，要么与质子结合成重氢、氦等元素；化学元素就是从这一时期开始形成的。温度进一步下降到100万度后，早期形成化学元素的过程结束（见元素合成理论）。宇宙间的物质主要是质子、电子、光子和一些比较轻的原子核。当温度降到几千度时，辐射减退，宇宙间主要是气态物质，气体逐渐凝聚成气云，再进一步形成各种各样的恒星体系，成为我们今天看到的宇宙。
谁都米时间给你翻,我用金山快译翻的,有中有英,自己摘.需要什么摘什么,就只这么多了.
我来回答:Public Lectures - The Beginning of Time
In this lecture, I would like to discuss whether time itself has a beginning, and whether it will have an end. All the evidence seems to indicate, that the universe has not existed forever, but that it had a beginning, about 15 billion years ago. This is probably the most remarkable discovery of modern cosmology. Yet it is now taken for granted. We are not yet certain whether the universe will have an end. When I gave a lecture in Japan, I was asked not to mention the possible re-collapse of the universe, because it might affect the stock market. However, I can re-assure anyone who is nervous about their investments that it is a bit early to sell: even if the universe does come to an end, it won't be for at least twenty billion years. By that time, maybe the GATT trade agreement will have come into effect.
The time scale of the universe is very long compared to that for human life. It was therefore not surprising that until recently, the universe was thought to be essentially static, and unchanging in time. On the other hand, it must have been obvious, that society is evolving in culture and technology. This indicates that the present phase of human history can not have been going for more than a few thousand years. Otherwise, we would be more advanced than we are. It was therefore natural to believe that the human race, and maybe the whole universe, had a beginning in the fairly recent past. However, many people were unhappy with the idea that the universe had a beginning, because it seemed to imply the existence of a supernatural being who created the universe. They preferred to believe that the universe, and the human race, had existed forever. Their explanation for human progress was that there had been periodic floods, or other natural disasters, which repeatedly set back the human race to a primitive state.
This argument about whether or not the universe had a beginning, persisted into the 19th and 20th centuries. It was conducted mainly on the basis of theology and philosophy, with little consideration of observational evidence. This may have been reasonable, given the notoriously unreliable character of cosmological observations, until fairly recently. The cosmologist, Sir Arthur Eddington, once said, 'Don't worry if your theory doesn't agree with the observations, because they are probably wrong.' But if your theory disagrees with the Second Law of Thermodynamics, it is in bad trouble. In fact, the theory that the universe has existed forever is in serious difficulty with the Second Law of Thermodynamics. The Second Law, states that disorder always increases with time. Like the argument about human progress, it indicates that there must have been a beginning. Otherwise, the universe would be in a state of complete disorder by now, and everything would be at the same temperature. In an infinite and everlasting universe, every line of sight would end on the surface of a star. This would mean that the night sky would have been as bright as the surface of the Sun. The only way of avoiding this problem would be if, for some reason, the stars did not shine before a certain time.
In a universe that was essentially static, there would not have been any dynamical reason, why the stars should have suddenly turned on, at some time. Any such "lighting up time" would have to be imposed by an intervention from outside the universe. The situation was different, however, when it was realised that the universe is not static, but expanding. Galaxies are moving steadily apart from each other. This means that they were closer together in the past. One can plot the separation of two galaxies, as a function of time. If there were no acceleration due to gravity, the graph would be a straight line. It would go down to zero separation, about twenty billion years ago. One would expect gravity, to cause the galaxies to accelerate towards each other. This will mean that the graph of the separation of two galaxies will bend downwards, below the straight line. So the time of zero separation, would have been less than twenty billion years ago.
At this time, the Big Bang, all the matter in the universe, would have been on top of itself. The density would have been infinite. It would have been what is called, a singularity. At a singularity, all the laws of physics would have broken down. This means that the state of the universe, after the Big Bang, will not depend on anything that may have happened before, because the deterministic laws that govern the universe will break down in the Big Bang. The universe will evolve from the Big Bang, completely independently of what it was like before. Even the amount of matter in the universe, can be different to what it was before the Big Bang, as the Law of Conservation of Matter, will break down at the Big Bang.
Since events before the Big Bang have no observational consequences, one may as well cut them out of the theory, and say that time began at the Big Bang. Events before the Big Bang, are simply not defined, because there's no way one could measure what happened at them. This kind of beginning to the universe, and of time itself, is very different to the beginnings that had been considered earlier. These had to be imposed on the universe by some external agency. There is no dynamical reason why the motion of bodies in the solar system can not be extrapolated back in time, far beyond four thousand and four BC, the date for the creation of the universe, according to the book of Genesis. Thus it would require the direct intervention of God, if the universe began at that date. By contrast, the Big Bang is a beginning that is required by the dynamical laws that govern the universe. It is therefore intrinsic to the universe, and is not imposed on it from outside.
Although the laws of science seemed to predict the universe had a beginning, they also seemed to predict that they could not determine how the universe would have begun. This was obviously very unsatisfactory. So there were a number of attempts to get round the conclusion, that there was a singularity of infinite density in the past. One suggestion was to modify the law of gravity, so that it became repulsive. This could lead to the graph of the separation between two galaxies, being a curve that approached zero, but didn't actually pass through it, at any finite time in the past. Instead, the idea was that, as the galaxies moved apart, new galaxies were formed in between, from matter that was supposed to be continually created. This was the Steady State theory, proposed by Bondi, Gold, and Hoyle.
The Steady State theory, was what Karl Popper would call, a good scientific theory: it made definite predictions, which could be tested by observation, and possibly falsified. Unfortunately for the theory, they were falsified. The first trouble came with the Cambridge observations, of the number of radio sources of different strengths. On average, one would expect that the fainter sources would also be the more distant. One would therefore expect them to be more numerous than bright sources, which would tend to be near to us. However, the graph of the number of radio sources, against there strength, went up much more sharply at low source strengths, than the Steady State theory predicted.
There were attempts to explain away this number count graph, by claiming that some of the faint radio sources, were within our own galaxy, and so did not tell us anything about cosmology. This argument didn't really stand up to further observations. But the final nail in the coffin of the Steady State theory came with the discovery of the microwave background radiation, in 1965. This radiation is the same in all directions. It has the spectrum of radiation in thermal equilibrium at a temperature of 2 point 7 degrees above the Absolute Zero of temperature. There doesn't seem any way to explain this radiation in the Steady State theory.
Another attempt to avoid a beginning to time, was the suggestion, that maybe all the galaxies didn't meet up at a single point in the past. Although on average, the galaxies are moving apart from each other at a steady rate, they also have small additional velocities, relative to the uniform expansion. These so-called "peculiar velocities" of the galaxies, may be directed sideways to the main expansion. It was argued, that as you plotted the position of the galaxies back in time, the sideways peculiar velocities, would have meant that the galaxies wouldn't have all met up. Instead, there could have been a previous contracting phase of the universe, in which galaxies were moving towards each other. The sideways velocities could have meant that the galaxies didn't collide, but rushed past each other, and then started to move apart. There wouldn't have been any singularity of infinite density, or any breakdown of the laws of physics. Thus there would be no necessity for the universe, and time itself, to have a beginning. Indeed, one might suppose that the universe had oscillated, though that still wouldn't solve the problem with the Second Law of Thermodynamics: one would expect that the universe would become more disordered each oscillation. It is therefore difficult to see how the universe could have been oscillating for an infinite time.
This possibility, that the galaxies would have missed each other, was supported by a paper by two Russians. They claimed that there would be no singularities in a solution of the field equations of general relativity, which was fully general, in the sense that it didn't have any exact symmetry. However, their claim was proved wrong, by a number of theorems by Roger Penrose and myself. These showed that general relativity predicted singularities, whenever more than a certain amount of mass was present in a region. The first theorems were designed to show that time came to an end, inside a black hole, formed by the collapse of a star. However, the expansion of the universe, is like the time reverse of the collapse of a star. I therefore want to show you, that observational evidence indicates the universe contains sufficient matter, that it is like the time reverse of a black hole, and so contains a singularity.
In order to discuss observations in cosmology, it is helpful to draw a diagram of events in space and time, with time going upward, and the space directions horizontal. To show this diagram properly, I would really need a four dimensional screen. However, because of government cuts, we could manage to provide only a two dimensional screen. I shall therefore be able to show only one of the space directions.
As we look out at the universe, we are looking back in time, because light had to leave distant objects a long time ago, to reach us at the present time. This means that the events we observe lie on what is called our past light cone. The point of the cone is at our position, at the present time. As one goes back in time on the diagram, the light cone spreads out to greater distances, and its area increases. However, if there is sufficient matter on our past light cone, it will bend the rays of light towards each other. This will mean that, as one goes back into the past, the area of our past light cone will reach a maximum, and then start to decrease. It is this focussing of our past light cone, by the gravitational effect of the matter in the universe, that is the signal that the universe is within its horizon, like the time reverse of a black hole. If one can determine that there is enough matter in the universe, to focus our past light cone, one can then apply the singularity theorems, to show that time must have a beginning.
How can we tell from the observations, whether there is enough matter on our past light cone, to focus it? We observe a number of galaxies, but we can not measure directly how much matter they contain. Nor can we be sure that every line of sight from us will pass through a galaxy. So I will give a different argument, to show that the universe contains enough matter, to focus our past light cone. The argument is based on the spectrum of the microwave background radiation. This is characteristic of radiation that has been in thermal equilibrium, with matter at the same temperature. To achieve such an equilibrium, it is necessary for the radiation to be scattered by matter, many times. For example, the light that we receive from the Sun has a characteristically thermal spectrum. This is not because the nuclear reactions, which go on in the centre of the Sun, produce radiation with a thermal spectrum. Rather, it is because the radiation has been scattered, by the matter in the Sun, many times on its way from the centre.
In the case of the universe, the fact that the microwave background has such an exactly thermal spectrum indicates that it must have been scattered many times. The universe must therefore contain enough matter, to make it opaque in every direction we look, because the microwave background is the same, in every direction we look. Moreover, this opacity must occur a long way away from us, because we can see galaxies and quasars, at great distances. Thus there must be a lot of matter at a great distance from us. The greatest opacity over a broad wave band, for a given density, comes from ionised hydrogen. It then follows that if there is enough matter to make the universe opaque, there is also enough matter to focus our past light cone. One can then apply the theorem of Penrose and myself, to show that time must have a beginning.
The focussing of our past light cone implied that time must have a beginning, if the General Theory of relativity is correct. But one might raise the question, of whether General Relativity really is correct. It certainly agrees with all the observational tests that have been carried out. However these test General Relativity, only over fairly large distances. We know that General Relativity can not be quite correct on very small distances, because it is a classical theory. This means, it doesn't take into account, the Uncertainty Principle of Quantum Mechanics, which says that an object can not have both a well defined position, and a well defined speed: the more accurately one measures the position, the less accurately one can measure the speed, and vice versa. Therefore, to understand the very high-density stage, when the universe was very small, one needs a quantum theory of gravity, which will combine General Relativity with the Uncertainty Principle.
参考资料：不告诉你哈哈哈哈哈哈
回答者：狼色业职 - 试用期 一级 3-21 17:41
宇宙大爆炸(Big Bang)仅仅是一种学说，是根据天文观测研究后得到的一种设想。||The big Bang( Big Bang) in cosmos is a kind of theory only, getting a kind of to conceive after prognosticating the research according to the astronomy||The big Bang( Big Bang) in cosmos is a kind of theory only, getting a kind of to conceive after prognosticating the research according to the astronomy.
大约在50亿年前，宇宙所有的物质都高度密集在一点，有着极高的温度，因而发生了巨大的爆炸。||About at 5,000,000,000 year ago, the material that cosmos is all is all high intensively in 1:00, have got the alpine temperature, as a result took place the enormous Bang.大爆炸以后，物质开始向外大膨胀，就形成了今天我们看到的宇宙。||About at 5,000,000,000 year ago, the material that cosmos is all is all high intensively in 1:00, have got the alpine temperature, as a result took place the enormous Bang.Big Bang later on, the material starts the outwardly big inflation, became today the cosmos that we see.大爆炸的整个过程是复杂的，现在只能从理论研究的基础上描绘过去远古的宇宙发展史。||About at 5,000,000,000 year ago, the material that cosmos is all is all high intensively in 1:00, have got the alpine temperature, as a result took place the enormous Bang.Big Bang later on, the material starts the outwardly big inflation, became today the cosmos that we see.Big whole process that explode is complicated, a foundation for can from the theories studying ascends the cosmos development history of the past time immemorial in description now.在这150亿年中先后诞生了星系团、星系、我们的银河系、恒星、太阳系、行星、卫星等。||About at 5,000,000,000 year ago, the material that cosmos is all is all high intensively in 1:00, have got the alpine temperature, as a result took place the enormous Bang.Big Bang later on, the material starts the outwardly big inflation, became today the cosmos that we see.Big whole process that explode is complicated, a foundation for can from the theories studying ascends the cosmos development history of the past time immemorial in description now.Bore the galaxy regiment, galaxy, our galaxy, fixed star, solar system, planet, satellite...etc||About at 5,000,000,000 year ago, the material that cosmos is all is all high intensively in 1:00, have got the alpine temperature, as a result took place the enormous Bang.Big Bang later on, the material starts the outwardly big inflation, became today the cosmos that we see.Big whole process that explode is complicated, a foundation for can from the theories studying ascends the cosmos development history of the past time immemorial in description now.Bore the galaxy regiment, galaxy, our galaxy, fixed star, solar system, planet, satellite...etc. successively in these 15,000,000,000 years.现在我们看见的和看不见的一切天体和宇宙物质，形成了当今的宇宙形态，人类就是在这一宇宙演变中诞生的。||successively in these 15,000,000,000 years.We see now of with unseen and the whole heavenly bodies with cosmos material, the cosmos appearance that became the now, mankind is in this cosmos turn in to bear||successively in these 15,000,000,000 years.We see now of with unseen and the whole heavenly bodies with cosmos material, the cosmos appearance that became the now, mankind is in this cosmos turn in to bear.
对此，人们开始反思，如果把这些向四面八方远离中的星系运动倒过来看，它们可能当初是从同一源头发射出去的，是不是在宇宙之初发生过一次难以想像的宇宙大爆炸呢？||To this, people start anti think, if keep off these toward the all directions inside of the galaxy sport pour to come over to see, they are probably to project to go to from same source hair at the beginning of, is at the early occurrence of the cosmos over big Bang in once hard and imaginary cosmos||To this, people start anti think, if keep off these toward the all directions inside of the galaxy sport pour to come over to see, they are probably to project to go to from same source hair at the beginning of, is at the early occurrence of the cosmos over big Bang in once hard and imaginary cosmos?后来又观测到了充满宇宙的微波背景辐射，就是说大约在150亿年前宇宙大爆炸所产生的余波虽然是微弱的但确实存在。||Prognosticated afterwards and again the alive with cosmic microwave background radiates, ising to say about at 15,000,000,000 the aftermath of big Bang in cosmos in year ago a creations although is a weak definite exsitting.这一发现对宇宙大爆炸是个有力的支持。||Prognosticated afterwards and again the alive with cosmic microwave background radiates, ising to say about at 15,000,000,000 the aftermath of big Bang in cosmos in year ago a creations although is a weak definite exsitting.This a the detection is an emollient support to the big Bang in cosmos||Prognosticated afterwards and again the alive with cosmic microwave background radiates, ising to say about at 15,000,000,000 the aftermath of big Bang in cosmos in year ago a creations although is a weak definite exsitting.This a the detection is an emollient support to the big Bang in cosmos.
宇宙大爆炸的观点:
1932年勒梅特首次提出了现代宇宙大爆炸理论：整个宇宙最初聚集在一个“原始原子”中，后来发生了大爆炸，碎片向四面八方散开，形成了我们的宇宙。||The standpoint of the big Bang in cosmos:
The plum of 勒 is with putting forward the big Bang in modern cosmos theories for the very fi
宇宙大爆炸(Big Bang)仅仅是一种学说，是根据天文观测研究后得到的一种设想。
大约在50亿年前，宇宙所有的物质都高度密集在一点，有着极高的温度，因而发生了巨大的爆炸。大爆炸以后，物质开始向外大膨胀，就形成了今天我们看到的宇宙。大爆炸的整个过程是复杂的，现在只能从理论研究的基础上描绘过去远古的宇宙发展史。在这150亿年中先后诞生了星系团、星系、我们的银河系、恒星、太阳系、行星、卫星等。现在我们看见的和看不见的一切天体和宇宙物质，形成了当今的宇宙形态，人类就是在这一宇宙演变中诞生的。
对此，人们开始反思，如果把这些向四面八方远离中的星系运动倒过来看，它们可能当初是从同一源头发射出去的，是不是在宇宙之初发生过一次难以想像的宇宙大爆炸呢？后来又观测到了充满宇宙的微波背景辐射，就是说大约在150亿年前宇宙大爆炸所产生的余波虽然是微弱的但确实存在。这一发现对宇宙大爆炸是个有力的支持。
宇宙大爆炸的观点:
1932年勒梅特首次提出了现代宇宙大爆炸理论：整个宇宙最初聚集在一个“原始原子”中，后来发生了大爆炸，碎片向四面八方散开，形成了我们的宇宙。美籍俄国天体物理学家伽莫夫第一次将广义相对论融入到宇宙理论中，提出了热大爆炸宇宙学模型：宇宙开始于高温、高密度的原始物质，最初的温度超过几十亿度，随着温度的继续下降，宇宙开始膨胀。
1965年，彭齐亚斯和威尔逊发现了宇宙背景辐射，后来他们证实宇宙背景辐射是宇宙大爆炸时留下的遗迹，从而为宇宙大爆炸理论提供了重要的依据。他们也因此获1978年诺贝尔物理学奖。
20世纪科学的智慧和毅力在霍金的身上得到了集中的体现。他对于宇宙起源后10-43秒以来的宇宙演化图景作了清晰的阐释.
宇宙的起源：最初是比原子还要小的奇点，然后是大爆炸，通过大爆炸的能量形成了一些基本粒子，这些粒子在能量的作用下，逐渐形成了宇宙中的各种物质。至此，大爆炸宇宙模型成为最有说服力的宇宙图景理论。然而，至今宇宙大爆炸理论仍然缺乏大量实验的支持，而且我们尚不知晓宇宙开始爆炸和爆炸前的图景。
宇宙大爆炸理论:大爆炸理论
大爆炸理论是关于宇宙形成的最有影响的一种学说，英文说法为Big Bang，也称为大爆炸宇宙论。大爆炸理论诞生于20世纪20年代，在40年代得到补充和发展，但一直寂寂无闻。直到50年代，人们才开始广泛注意这个理论。
大爆炸理论的主要观点是认为我们的宇宙曾有一段从热到冷的演化史。在这个时期里，宇宙体系并不是静止的，而是在不断地膨胀，使物质密度从密到稀地演化。这一从热到冷、从密到稀的过程如同一次规模巨大的爆发。根据大爆炸宇宙学的观点，大爆炸的整个过程是：在宇宙的早期，温度极高，在100亿度以上。物质密度也相当大，整个宇宙体系达到平衡。宇宙间只有中子、质子、电子、光子和中微子等一些基本粒子形态的物质。但是因为整个体系在不断膨胀，结果温度很快下降。当温度降到10亿度左右时，中子开始失去自由存在的条件，它要么发生衰变，要么与质子结合成重氢、氦等元素；化学元素就是从这一时期开始形成的。温度进一步下降到100万度后，早期形成化学元素的过程结束（见元素合成理论）。宇宙间的物质主要是质子、电子、光子和一些比较轻的原子核。当温度降到几千度时，辐射减退，宇宙间主要是气态物质，气体逐渐凝聚成气云，再进一步形成各种各样的恒星体系，成为我们今天看到的宇宙
英语课题吧我给你一个算了.没时间翻你小子记得给我加分 啊!!这一篇是屎底粪的演讲,时间之初的原稿,来自老屎的官网.哈哈哈
批娃儿给老子加分哈.
Public Lectures - The Beginning of Time
In this lecture, I would like to discuss whether time itself has a beginning, and whether it will have an end. All the evidence seems to indicate, that the universe has not existed forever, but that it had a beginning, about 15 billion years ago. This is probably the most remarkable discovery of modern cosmology. Yet it is now taken for granted. We are not yet certain whether the universe will have an end. When I gave a lecture in Japan, I was asked not to mention the possible re-collapse of the universe, because it might affect the stock market. However, I can re-assure anyone who is nervous about their investments that it is a bit early to sell: even if the universe does come to an end, it won't be for at least twenty billion years. By that time, maybe the GATT trade agreement will have come into effect.
The time scale of the universe is very long compared to that for human life. It was therefore not surprising that until recently, the universe was thought to be essentially static, and unchanging in time. On the other hand, it must have been obvious, that society is evolving in culture and technology. This indicates that the present phase of human history can not have been going for more than a few thousand years. Otherwise, we would be more advanced than we are. It was therefore natural to believe that the human race, and maybe the whole universe, had a beginning in the fairly recent past. However, many people were unhappy with the idea that the universe had a beginning, because it seemed to imply the existence of a supernatural being who created the universe. They preferred to believe that the universe, and the human race, had existed forever. Their explanation for human progress was that there had been periodic floods, or other natural disasters, which repeatedly set back the human race to a primitive state.
This argument about whether or not the universe had a beginning, persisted into the 19th and 20th centuries. It was conducted mainly on the basis of theology and philosophy, with little consideration of observational evidence. This may have been reasonable, given the notoriously unreliable character of cosmological observations, until fairly recently. The cosmologist, Sir Arthur Eddington, once said, 'Don't worry if your theory doesn't agree with the observations, because they are probably wrong.' But if your theory disagrees with the Second Law of Thermodynamics, it is in bad trouble. In fact, the theory that the universe has existed forever is in serious difficulty with the Second Law of Thermodynamics. The Second Law, states that disorder always increases with time. Like the argument about human progress, it indicates that there must have been a beginning. Otherwise, the universe would be in a state of complete disorder by now, and everything would be at the same temperature. In an infinite and everlasting universe, every line of sight would end on the surface of a star. This would mean that the night sky would have been as bright as the surface of the Sun. The only way of avoiding this problem would be if, for some reason, the stars did not shine before a certain time.
In a universe that was essentially static, there would not have been any dynamical reason, why the stars should have suddenly turned on, at some time. Any such "lighting up time" would have to be imposed by an intervention from outside the universe. The situation was different, however, when it was realised that the universe is not static, but expanding. Galaxies are moving steadily apart from each other. This means that they were closer together in the past. One can plot the separation of two galaxies, as a function of time. If there were no acceleration due to gravity, the graph would be a straight line. It would go down to zero separation, about twenty billion years ago. One would expect gravity, to cause the galaxies to accelerate towards each other. This will mean that the graph of the separation of two galaxies will bend downwards, below the straight line. So the time of zero separation, would have been less than twenty billion years ago.
At this time, the Big Bang, all the matter in the universe, would have been on top of itself. The density would have been infinite. It would have been what is called, a singularity. At a singularity, all the laws of physics would have broken down. This means that the state of the universe, after the Big Bang, will not depend on anything that may have happened before, because the deterministic laws that govern the universe will break down in the Big Bang. The universe will evolve from the Big Bang, completely independently of what it was like before. Even the amount of matter in the universe, can be different to what it was before the Big Bang, as the Law of Conservation of Matter, will break down at the Big Bang.
Since events before the Big Bang have no observational consequences, one may as well cut them out of the theory, and say that time began at the Big Bang. Events before the Big Bang, are simply not defined, because there's no way one could measure what happened at them. This kind of beginning to the universe, and of time itself, is very different to the beginnings that had been considered earlier. These had to be imposed on the universe by some external agency. There is no dynamical reason why the motion of bodies in the solar system can not be extrapolated back in time, far beyond four thousand and four BC, the date for the creation of the universe, according to the book of Genesis. Thus it would require the direct intervention of God, if the universe began at that date. By contrast, the Big Bang is a beginning that is required by the dynamical laws that govern the universe. It is therefore intrinsic to the universe, and is not imposed on it from outside.
Although the laws of science seemed to predict the universe had a beginning, they also seemed to predict that they could not determine how the universe would have begun. This was obviously very unsatisfactory. So there were a number of attempts to get round the conclusion, that there was a singularity of infinite density in the past. One suggestion was to modify the law of gravity, so that it became repulsive. This could lead to the graph of the separation between two galaxies, being a curve that approached zero, but didn't actually pass through it, at any finite time in the past. Instead, the idea was that, as the galaxies moved apart, new galaxies were formed in between, from matter that was supposed to be continually created. This was the Steady State theory, proposed by Bondi, Gold, and Hoyle.
The Steady State theory, was what Karl Popper would call, a good scientific theory: it made definite predictions, which could be tested by observation, and possibly falsified. Unfortunately for the theory, they were falsified. The first trouble came with the Cambridge observations, of the number of radio sources of different strengths. On average, one would expect that the fainter sources would also be the more distant. One would therefore expect them to be more numerous than bright sources, which would tend to be near to us. However, the graph of the number of radio sources, against there strength, went up much more sharply at low source strengths, than the Steady State theory predicted.
There were attempts to explain away this number count graph, by claiming that some of the faint radio sources, were within our own galaxy, and so did not tell us anything about cosmology. This argument didn't really stand up to further observations. But the final nail in the coffin of the Steady State theory came with the discovery of the microwave background radiation, in 1965. This radiation is the same in all directions. It has the spectrum of radiation in thermal equilibrium at a temperature of 2 point 7 degrees above the Absolute Zero of temperature. There doesn't seem any way to explain this radiation in the Steady State theory.
Another attempt to avoid a beginning to time, was the suggestion, that maybe all the galaxies didn't meet up at a single point in the past. Although on average, the galaxies are moving apart from each other at a steady rate, they also have small additional velocities, relative to the uniform expansion. These so-called "peculiar velocities" of the galaxies, may be directed sideways to the main expansion. It was argued, that as you plotted the position of the galaxies back in time, the sideways peculiar velocities, would have meant that the galaxies wouldn't have all met up. Instead, there could have been a previous contracting phase of the universe, in which galaxies were moving towards each other. The sideways velocities could have meant that the galaxies didn't collide, but rushed past each other, and then started to move apart. There wouldn't have been any singularity of infinite density, or any breakdown of the laws of physics. Thus there would be no necessity for the universe, and time itself, to have a beginning. Indeed, one might suppose that the universe had oscillated, though that still wouldn't solve the problem with the Second Law of Thermodynamics: one would expect that the universe would become more disordered each oscillation. It is therefore difficult to see how the universe could have been oscillating for an infinite time.
This possibility, that the galaxies would have missed each other, was supported by a paper by two Russians. They claimed that there would be no singularities in a solution of the field equations of general relativity, which was fully general, in the sense that it didn't have any exact symmetry. However, their claim was proved wrong, by a number of theorems by Roger Penrose and myself. These showed that general relativity predicted singularities, whenever more than a certain amount of mass was present in a region. The first theorems were designed to show that time came to an end, inside a black hole, formed by the collapse of a star. However, the expansion of the universe, is like the time reverse of the collapse of a star. I therefore want to show you, that observational evidence indicates the universe contains sufficient matter, that it is like the time reverse of a black hole, and so contains a singularity.
In order to discuss observations in cosmology, it is helpful to draw a diagram of events in space and time, with time going upward, and the space directions horizontal. To show this diagram properly, I would really need a four dimensional screen. However, because of government cuts, we could manage to provide only a two dimensional screen. I shall therefore be able to show only one of the space directions.
As we look out at the universe, we are looking back in time, because light had to leave distant objects a long time ago, to reach us at the present time. This means that the events we observe lie on what is called our past light cone. The point of the cone is at our position, at the present time. As one goes back in time on the diagram, the light cone spreads out to greater distances, and its area increases. However, if there is sufficient matter on our past light cone, it will bend the rays of light towards each other. This will mean that, as one goes back into the past, the area of our past light cone will reach a maximum, and then start to decrease. It is this focussing of our past light cone, by the gravitational effect of the matter in the universe, that is the signal that the universe is within its horizon, like the time reverse of a black hole. If one can determine that there is enough matter in the universe, to focus our past light cone, one can then apply the singularity theorems, to show that time must have a beginning.
How can we tell from the observations, whether there is enough matter on our past light cone, to focus it? We observe a number of galaxies, but we can not measure directly how much matter they contain. Nor can we be sure that every line of sight from us will pass through a galaxy. So I will give a different argument, to show that the universe contains enough matter, to focus our past light cone. The argument is based on the spectrum of the microwave background radiation. This is characteristic of radiation that has been in thermal equilibrium, with matter at the same temperature. To achieve such an equilibrium, it is necessary for the radiation to be scattered by matter, many times. For example, the light that we receive from the Sun has a characteristically thermal spectrum. This is not because the nuclear reactions, which go on in the centre of the Sun, produce radiation with a thermal spectrum. Rather, it is because the radiation has been scattered, by the matter in the Sun, many times on its way from the centre.
In the case of the universe, the fact that the microwave background has such an exactly thermal spectrum indicates that it must have been scattered many times. The universe must therefore contain enough matter, to make it opaque in every direction we look, because the microwave background is the same, in every direction we look. Moreover, this opacity must occur a long way away from us, because we can see galaxies and quasars, at great distances. Thus there must be a lot of matter at a great distance from us. The greatest opacity over a broad wave band, for a given density, comes from ionised hydrogen. It then follows that if there is enough matter to make the universe opaque, there is also enough matter to focus our past light cone. One can then apply the theorem of Penrose and myself, to show that time must have a beginning.
The focussing of our past light cone implied that time must have a beginning, if the General Theory of relativity is correct. But one might raise the question, of whether General Relativity really is correct. It certainly agrees with all the observational tests that have been carried out. However these test General Relativity, only over fairly large distances. We know that General Relativity can not be quite correct on very small distances, because it is a classical theory. This means, it doesn't take into account, the Uncertainty Principle of Quantum Mechanics, which says that an object can not have both a well defined position, and a well defined speed: the more accurately one measures the position, the less accurately one can measure the speed, and vice versa. Therefore, to understand the very high-density stage, when the universe was very small, one needs a quantum theory of gravity, which will combine General Relativity with the Uncertainty Principle.
再等几天，我比较忙。你可以去googlo上的英文网站哦^_^
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你很清楚你想要的，所以你不会迷失自我。因为你的朋友需要你的指导，所以你不会迷失自我。不论你做过什么，总会有人陪在你身旁。别害怕，向着你的目标努力吧。努力不一定会收获成功，但你得去尝试，否则有一天你会后悔的
现在越来越多的人开始关注自己的健康状况。可是如何保持健康呢?不同的人可能会给予不同的回答这个问题。在我看来,它必须做到以下几点。
首先,它是完全必要每天做一些运动。研究表明,充分的运动使心脏和肺功能更加努力地工作。心脏功能的加强,可减少心脏病的机会,也有助于降低血压。这就是为什么越来越多的人正积极参加各种运动和锻炼。每天早上许多人清早起床,多用运动。一些打太极拳、练剑;有的跑步、散步、步行或音乐跳舞。在下午,也有很多人喜欢运动。有些打篮球和排球或乒乓球,而另一些人则喜爱体操或跟踪事件。通过运动和锻炼,人们变得更加健康更加强壮。
医学研究人员已经证明,人的饮食影响人的健康。他们劝告人们多吃水果和蔬菜,少吃牛肉、猪肉等肉类含有更多的脂肪,因为肉类比家禽和鱼。脂肪可积聚在动脉里,妨碍血液流动,并可导致心脏病发作。
更重要的是,它对保持积极的情绪是很有意义,使我们自己的精神和释放我们的压力来自各种条件绑带保持健康也是一个确切的方法的目标做成我们梦寐以求的。
最重要的是,这些都是用专家所给的建议,我也会在展览会上展出。
很难输入所有以上单词,和我的手都有点发抖。如果你不认为这是一个好材料和不希望提高目标应该彻底绝望了。只要拿起这一件。
大约在50亿年前，宇宙所有的物质都高度密集在一点，有着极高的温度，因而发生了巨大的爆炸。||About at 5,000,000,000 year ago, the material that cosmos is all is all high intensively in 1:00, have got the alpine temperature, as a result took place the enormous Bang.大爆炸以后，物质开始向外大膨胀，就形成了今天我们看到的宇宙。||About at 5,000,000,000 year ago, the material that cosmos is all is all high intensively in 1:00, have got the alpine temperature, as a result took place the enormous Bang.Big Bang later on, the material starts the outwardly big inflation, became today the cosmos that we see.大爆炸的整个过程是复杂的，现在只能从理论研究的基础上描绘过去远古的宇宙发展史。||About at 5,000,000,000 year ago, the material that cosmos is all is all high intensively in 1:00, have got the alpine temperature, as a result took place the enormous Bang.Big Bang later on, the material starts the outwardly big inflation, became today the cosmos that we see.Big whole process that explode is complicated, a foundation for can from the theories studying ascends the cosmos development history of the past time immemorial in description now.在这150亿年中先后诞生了星系团、星系、我们的银河系、恒星、太阳系、行星、卫星等。||About at 5,000,000,000 year ago, the material that cosmos is all is all high intensively in 1:00, have got the alpine temperature, as a result took place the enormous Bang.Big Bang later on, the material starts the outwardly big inflation, became today the cosmos that we see.Big whole process that explode is complicated, a foundation for can from the theories studying ascends the cosmos development history of the past time immemorial in description now.Bore the galaxy regiment, galaxy, our galaxy, fixed star, solar system, planet, satellite...etc||About at 5,000,000,000 year ago, the material that cosmos is all is all high intensively in 1:00, have got the alpine temperature, as a result took place the enormous Bang.Big Bang later on, the material starts the outwardly big inflation, became today the cosmos that we see.Big whole process that explode is complicated, a foundation for can from the theories studying ascends the cosmos development history of the past time immemorial in description now.Bore the galaxy regiment, galaxy, our galaxy, fixed star, solar system, planet, satellite...etc. successively in these 15,000,000,000 years.现在我们看见的和看不见的一切天体和宇宙物质，形成了当今的宇宙形态，人类就是在这一宇宙演变中诞生的。||successively in these 15,000,000,000 years.We see now of with unseen and the whole heavenly bodies with cosmos material, the cosmos appearance that became the now, mankind is in this cosmos turn in to bear||successively in these 15,000,000,000 years.We see now of with unseen and the whole heavenly bodies with cosmos material, the cosmos appearance that became the now, mankind is in this cosmos turn in to bear.
对此，人们开始反思，如果把这些向四面八方远离中的星系运动倒过来看，它们可能当初是从同一源头发射出去的，是不是在宇宙之初发生过一次难以想像的宇宙大爆炸呢？||To this, people start anti think, if keep off these toward the all directions inside of the galaxy sport pour to come over to see, they are probably to project to go to from same source hair at the beginning of, is at the early occurrence of the cosmos over big Bang in once hard and imaginary cosmos||To this, people start anti think, if keep off these toward the all directions inside of the galaxy sport pour to come over to see, they are probably to project to go to from same source hair at the beginning of, is at the early occurrence of the cosmos over big Bang in once hard and imaginary cosmos?后来又观测到了充满宇宙的微波背景辐射，就是说大约在150亿年前宇宙大爆炸所产生的余波虽然是微弱的但确实存在。||Prognosticated afterwards and again the alive with cosmic microwave background radiates, ising to say about at 15,000,000,000 the aftermath of big Bang in cosmos in year ago a creations although is a weak definite exsitting.这一发现对宇宙大爆炸是个有力的支持。||Prognosticated afterwards and again the alive with cosmic microwave background radiates, ising to say about at 15,000,000,000 the aftermath of big Bang in cosmos in year ago a creations although is a weak definite exsitting.This a the detection is an emollient support to the big Bang in cosmos||Prognosticated afterwards and again the alive with cosmic microwave background radiates, ising to say about at 15,000,000,000 the aftermath of big Bang in cosmos in year ago a creations although is a weak definite exsitting.This a the detection is an emollient support to the big Bang in cosmos.
宇宙大爆炸的观点:
1932年勒梅特首次提出了现代宇宙大爆炸理论：整个宇宙最初聚集在一个“原始原子”中，后来发生了大爆炸，碎片向四面八方散开，形成了我们的宇宙。||The standpoint of the big Bang in cosmos:
The plum of 勒 is with putting forward the big Bang in modern cosmos theories for the very first time in 1932:Whole cosmos comes together at the beginning in a" primitive atom", taking place the big Bang afterwards, the fragment spreads out to all directions, becoming our cosmos.美籍俄国天体物理学家伽莫夫第一次将广义相对论融入到宇宙理论中，提出了热大爆炸宇宙学模型：宇宙开始于高温、高密度的原始物质，最初的温度超过几十亿度，随着温度的继续下降，宇宙开始膨胀。||The standpoint of the big Bang in cosmos:
The plum of 勒 is with putting forward the big Bang in modern cosmos theories for the very first time in 1932: Whole cosmos comes together at the beginning in a" primitive atom", taking place the big Bang afterwards, the fragment spreads out to all directions, becoming our cosmos.The Russia astrophysical house in U.S. citizen 伽莫 man melted into general theory of Relativity to for the first time in the cosmos theories, putting forward the hot and big Bang cosmos learned the model:The cosmos begins from the primitive material of the heat, high definition, the first temperature exceeds several 1,000,000,000 degree, descend continuously along with the temperature, the cosmos starts inflating||The standpoint of the big Bang in cosmos:
The plum of 勒 is with putting forward the big Bang in modern cosmos theories for the very first time in 1932: Whole cosmos comes together at the beginning in a" primitive atom", taking place the big Bang afterwards, the fragment spreads out to all directions, becoming our cosmos.The Russia astrophysical house in U.S. citizen 伽莫 man melted into general theory of Relativity to for the first time in the cosmos theories, putting forward the hot and big Bang cosmos learned the model: The cosmos begins from the primitive material of the heat, high definition, the first temperature exceeds several 1,000,000,000 degrees, descend continuously along with the temperature, the cosmos starts inflating.
1965年，彭齐亚斯和威尔逊发现了宇宙背景辐射，后来他们证实宇宙背景辐射是宇宙大爆炸时留下的遗迹，从而为宇宙大爆炸理论提供了重要的依据。||Year, the second 斯 in齐 in彭 discoverses cosmos background radiating with Pete Wilson, afterwards they confirm the cosmos background radiation is a historic relic that hour of big Bang in cosmos leave, from but provided the important basis for the big Bang in cosmos theories.他们也因此获1978年诺贝尔物理学奖。||Year, the second 斯 in 齐 in 彭 discoverses cosmos background radiating with Pete Wilson, afterwards they confirm the cosmos background radiation is a historic relic that hour of big Bang in cosmos leave, from but provided the important basis for the big Bang in cosmos theories.They also therefore get the 1978 the Nobel physics prize||Year, the second 斯 in 齐 in 彭 discoverses cosmos background radiating with Pete Wilson, afterwards they confirm the cosmos background radiation is a historic relic that hour of big Bang in cosmos leave, from but provided the important basis for the big Bang in cosmos theories.They also therefore get the 1978 the Nobel physics prize.
20世纪科学的智慧和毅力在霍金的身上得到了集中的体现。||The intelligence of science of century got the concentrated with perseverance in the golden body in霍 now.他对于宇宙起源后10-43秒以来的宇宙演化图景作了清晰的阐释||The intelligence of science of century got the concentrated with perseverance in the golden body in 霍 now.He evolves to cosmos origins empress 10-43 cosmos for since thens the diagram view made the clear 阐 releases.
宇宙的起源：最初是比原子还要小的奇点，然后是大爆炸，通过大爆炸的能量形成了一些基本粒子，这些粒子在能量的作用下，逐渐形成了宇宙中的各种物质。||Cosmic origins:Is every kind of material that energy to compare the atom to still want to be small a little bit strange, then is a big Bang, pass the big Bang became the some basic a son at the beginning, these sonses function in energy is next, becoming the cosmos inside gradually.至此，大爆炸宇宙模型成为最有说服力的宇宙图景理论。||Cosmic origins:Is every kind of material that energy to compare the atom to still want to be small a little bit strange, then is a big Bang, pass the big Bang became the some basic a son at the beginning, these sonses function in energy is next, becoming the cosmos inside gradually.To this, the big Bang cosmos model becomes the most persuasive cosmos diagram view theories.然而，至今宇宙大爆炸理论仍然缺乏大量实验的支持，而且我们尚不知晓宇宙开始爆炸和爆炸前的图景。||Cosmic origins:Is every kind of material that energy to compare the atom to still want to be small a little bit strange, then is a big Bang, pass the big Bang became the some basic a son at the beginning, these sonses function in energy is next, becoming the cosmos inside gradually.To this, the big Bang cosmos model becomes the most persuasive cosmos diagram view theories.However, the big Bang in cosmos in until now theories still lacks the support that large quantity experiment, and we do not understand still the cosmos starts exploding with explode the ex- diagram view||Cosmic origins:Is every kind of material that energy to compare the atom to still want to be small a little bit strange, then is a big Bang, pass the big Bang became the some basic a son at the beginning, these sonses function in energy is next, becoming the cosmos inside gradually.To this, the big Bang cosmos model becomes the most persuasive cosmos diagram view theories.However, the big Bang in cosmos in until now theories still lacks the support that large quantity experiment, and we do not understand still the cosmos starts exploding with explode the ex- diagram view.
宇宙大爆炸理论:大爆炸理论
大爆炸理论是关于宇宙形成的最有影响的一种学说，英文说法为Big Bang，也称为大爆炸宇宙论。||Big Bang in cosmos theories: big Bang theories
The big Bang theories becomes concerning the cosmos of have most a kind of theory of the influence, the English way of speaking is a Big Bang, also calling the big Bang cosmology.大爆炸理论诞生于20世纪20年代，在40年代得到补充和发展，但一直寂寂无闻。||Big Bang in cosmos theories: big Bang theories
The big Bang theories becomes concerning the cosmos of have most a kind of theory of the influence, the English way of speaking is a Big Bang, also calling the big Bang cosmology.It is big to explode the theories the naissance in the 20's of 20 centuries, get complement with develop in 40's, but always the 寂寂 has no to smell.直到50年代，人们才开始广泛注意这个理论。||Big Bang in cosmos theories: big Bang theories
The big Bang theories becomes concerning the cosmos of have most a kind of theory of the influence, the English way of speaking is a Big Bang, also calling the big Bang cosmology.It is big to explode the theories the naissance in the 20' the 20 centurieses of s of, get complement with develop in 40' s, but always the 寂寂 has no to smell.People did not start the extensive noticing this theories until 50's||Big Bang in cosmos theories: big Bang theories
The big Bang theories becomes concerning the cosmos of have most a kind of theory of the influence, the English way of speaking is a Big Bang, also calling the big Bang cosmology.It is big to explode the theories the naissance in the 20' the an of s of, get complement with develop in 40' s, but always the 寂寂 has no to smell.People did not start the extensive noticing this theories until 50's.
大爆炸理论的主要观点是认为我们的宇宙曾有一段从热到冷的演化史。||The theoretical and main standpoint in big Bang is to thinks that our cosmos once have a segment from heat to evolve the history coldly.在这个时期里，宇宙体系并不是静止的，而是在不断地膨胀，使物质密度从密到稀地演化。||The theoretical and main standpoint in big Bang is to thinks that our cosmos once have a segment from heat to evolve the history coldly.In this periodly, cosmos system and is not static, but in the steadily inflation, make material density from 密 to evolve sparsely.这一从热到冷、从密到稀的过程如同一次规模巨大的爆发。根据大爆炸宇宙学的观点，大爆炸的整个过程是：在宇宙的早期，温度极高，在100亿度以上。物质密度也相当大，整个宇宙体系达到平衡。宇宙间只有中子、质子、电子、光子和中微子等一些基本粒子形态的物质。但是因为整个体系在不断膨胀，结果温度很快下降。当温度降到10亿度左右时，中子开始失去自由存在的条件，它要么发生衰变，要么与质子结合成重氢、氦等元素；化学元素就是从这一时期开始形成的。温度进一步下降到100万度后，早期形成化学元素的过程结束（见元素合成理论）。宇宙间的物质主要是质子、电子、光子和一些比较轻的原子核。当温度降到几千度时，辐射减退，宇宙间主要是气态物质，气体逐渐凝聚成气云，再进一步形成各种各样的恒星体系，成为我们今天看到的宇宙。
谁都米时间给你翻,我用金山快译翻的,有中有英,自己摘.需要什么摘什么,就只这么多了.
我来回答:Public Lectures - The Beginning of Time
In this lecture, I would like to discuss whether time itself has a beginning, and whether it will have an end. All the evidence seems to indicate, that the universe has not existed forever, but that it had a beginning, about 15 billion years ago. This is probably the most remarkable discovery of modern cosmology. Yet it is now taken for granted. We are not yet certain whether the universe will have an end. When I gave a lecture in Japan, I was asked not to mention the possible re-collapse of the universe, because it might affect the stock market. However, I can re-assure anyone who is nervous about their investments that it is a bit early to sell: even if the universe does come to an end, it won't be for at least twenty billion years. By that time, maybe the GATT trade agreement will have come into effect.
The time scale of the universe is very long compared to that for human life. It was therefore not surprising that until recently, the universe was thought to be essentially static, and unchanging in time. On the other hand, it must have been obvious, that society is evolving in culture and technology. This indicates that the present phase of human history can not have been going for more than a few thousand years. Otherwise, we would be more advanced than we are. It was therefore natural to believe that the human race, and maybe the whole universe, had a beginning in the fairly recent past. However, many people were unhappy with the idea that the universe had a beginning, because it seemed to imply the existence of a supernatural being who created the universe. They preferred to believe that the universe, and the human race, had existed forever. Their explanation for human progress was that there had been periodic floods, or other natural disasters, which repeatedly set back the human race to a primitive state.
This argument about whether or not the universe had a beginning, persisted into the 19th and 20th centuries. It was conducted mainly on the basis of theology and philosophy, with little consideration of observational evidence. This may have been reasonable, given the notoriously unreliable character of cosmological observations, until fairly recently. The cosmologist, Sir Arthur Eddington, once said, 'Don't worry if your theory doesn't agree with the observations, because they are probably wrong.' But if your theory disagrees with the Second Law of Thermodynamics, it is in bad trouble. In fact, the theory that the universe has existed forever is in serious difficulty with the Second Law of Thermodynamics. The Second Law, states that disorder always increases with time. Like the argument about human progress, it indicates that there must have been a beginning. Otherwise, the universe would be in a state of complete disorder by now, and everything would be at the same temperature. In an infinite and everlasting universe, every line of sight would end on the surface of a star. This would mean that the night sky would have been as bright as the surface of the Sun. The only way of avoiding this problem would be if, for some reason, the stars did not shine before a certain time.
In a universe that was essentially static, there would not have been any dynamical reason, why the stars should have suddenly turned on, at some time. Any such "lighting up time" would have to be imposed by an intervention from outside the universe. The situation was different, however, when it was realised that the universe is not static, but expanding. Galaxies are moving steadily apart from each other. This means that they were closer together in the past. One can plot the separation of two galaxies, as a function of time. If there were no acceleration due to gravity, the graph would be a straight line. It would go down to zero separation, about twenty billion years ago. One would expect gravity, to cause the galaxies to accelerate towards each other. This will mean that the graph of the separation of two galaxies will bend downwards, below the straight line. So the time of zero separation, would have been less than twenty billion years ago.
At this time, the Big Bang, all the matter in the universe, would have been on top of itself. The density would have been infinite. It would have been what is called, a singularity. At a singularity, all the laws of physics would have broken down. This means that the state of the universe, after the Big Bang, will not depend on anything that may have happened before, because the deterministic laws that govern the universe will break down in the Big Bang. The universe will evolve from the Big Bang, completely independently of what it was like before. Even the amount of matter in the universe, can be different to what it was before the Big Bang, as the Law of Conservation of Matter, will break down at the Big Bang.
Since events before the Big Bang have no observational consequences, one may as well cut them out of the theory, and say that time began at the Big Bang. Events before the Big Bang, are simply not defined, because there's no way one could measure what happened at them. This kind of beginning to the universe, and of time itself, is very different to the beginnings that had been considered earlier. These had to be imposed on the universe by some external agency. There is no dynamical reason why the motion of bodies in the solar system can not be extrapolated back in time, far beyond four thousand and four BC, the date for the creation of the universe, according to the book of Genesis. Thus it would require the direct intervention of God, if the universe began at that date. By contrast, the Big Bang is a beginning that is required by the dynamical laws that govern the universe. It is therefore intrinsic to the universe, and is not imposed on it from outside.
Although the laws of science seemed to predict the universe had a beginning, they also seemed to predict that they could not determine how the universe would have begun. This was obviously very unsatisfactory. So there were a number of attempts to get round the conclusion, that there was a singularity of infinite density in the past. One suggestion was to modify the law of gravity, so that it became repulsive. This could lead to the graph of the separation between two galaxies, being a curve that approached zero, but didn't actually pass through it, at any finite time in the past. Instead, the idea was that, as the galaxies moved apart, new galaxies were formed in between, from matter that was supposed to be continually created. This was the Steady State theory, proposed by Bondi, Gold, and Hoyle.
The Steady State theory, was what Karl Popper would call, a good scientific theory: it made definite predictions, which could be tested by observation, and possibly falsified. Unfortunately for the theory, they were falsified. The first trouble came with the Cambridge observations, of the number of radio sources of different strengths. On average, one would expect that the fainter sources would also be the more distant. One would therefore expect them to be more numerous than bright sources, which would tend to be near to us. However, the graph of the number of radio sources, against there strength, went up much more sharply at low source strengths, than the Steady State theory predicted.
There were attempts to explain away this number count graph, by claiming that some of the faint radio sources, were within our own galaxy, and so did not tell us anything about cosmology. This argument didn't really stand up to further observations. But the final nail in the coffin of the Steady State theory came with the discovery of the microwave background radiation, in 1965. This radiation is the same in all directions. It has the spectrum of radiation in thermal equilibrium at a temperature of 2 point 7 degrees above the Absolute Zero of temperature. There doesn't seem any way to explain this radiation in the Steady State theory.
Another attempt to avoid a beginning to time, was the suggestion, that maybe all the galaxies didn't meet up at a single point in the past. Although on average, the galaxies are moving apart from each other at a steady rate, they also have small additional velocities, relative to the uniform expansion. These so-called "peculiar velocities" of the galaxies, may be directed sideways to the main expansion. It was argued, that as you plotted the position of the galaxies back in time, the sideways peculiar velocities, would have meant that the galaxies wouldn't have all met up. Instead, there could have been a previous contracting phase of the universe, in which galaxies were moving towards each other. The sideways velocities could have meant that the galaxies didn't collide, but rushed past each other, and then started to move apart. There wouldn't have been any singularity of infinite density, or any breakdown of the laws of physics. Thus there would be no necessity for the universe, and time itself, to have a beginning. Indeed, one might suppose that the universe had oscillated, though that still wouldn't solve the problem with the Second Law of Thermodynamics: one would expect that the universe would become more disordered each oscillation. It is therefore difficult to see how the universe could have been oscillating for an infinite time.
This possibility, that the galaxies would have missed each other, was supported by a paper by two Russians. They claimed that there would be no singularities in a solution of the field equations of general relativity, which was fully general, in the sense that it didn't have any exact symmetry. However, their claim was proved wrong, by a number of theorems by Roger Penrose and myself. These showed that general relativity predicted singularities, whenever more than a certain amount of mass was present in a region. The first theorems were designed to show that time came to an end, inside a black hole, formed by the collapse of a star. However, the expansion of the universe, is like the time reverse of the collapse of a star. I therefore want to show you, that observational evidence indicates the universe contains sufficient matter, that it is like the time reverse of a black hole, and so contains a singularity.
In order to discuss observations in cosmology, it is helpful to draw a diagram of events in space and time, with time going upward, and the space directions horizontal. To show this diagram properly, I would really need a four dimensional screen. However, because of government cuts, we could manage to provide only a two dimensional screen. I shall therefore be able to show only one of the space directions.
As we look out at the universe, we are looking back in time, because light had to leave distant objects a long time ago, to reach us at the present time. This means that the events we observe lie on what is called our past light cone. The point of the cone is at our position, at the present time. As one goes back in time on the diagram, the light cone spreads out to greater distances, and its area increases. However, if there is sufficient matter on our past light cone, it will bend the rays of light towards each other. This will mean that, as one goes back into the past, the area of our past light cone will reach a maximum, and then start to decrease. It is this focussing of our past light cone, by the gravitational effect of the matter in the universe, that is the signal that the universe is within its horizon, like the time reverse of a black hole. If one can determine that there is enough matter in the universe, to focus our past light cone, one can then apply the singularity theorems, to show that time must have a beginning.
How can we tell from the observations, whether there is enough matter on our past light cone, to focus it? We observe a number of galaxies, but we can not measure directly how much matter they contain. Nor can we be sure that every line of sight from us will pass through a galaxy. So I will give a different argument, to show that the universe contains enough matter, to focus our past light cone. The argument is based on the spectrum of the microwave background radiation. This is characteristic of radiation that has been in thermal equilibrium, with matter at the same temperature. To achieve such an equilibrium, it is necessary for the radiation to be scattered by matter, many times. For example, the light that we receive from the Sun has a characteristically thermal spectrum. This is not because the nuclear reactions, which go on in the centre of the Sun, produce radiation with a thermal spectrum. Rather, it is because the radiation has been scattered, by the matter in the Sun, many times on its way from the centre.
In the case of the universe, the fact that the microwave background has such an exactly thermal spectrum indicates that it must have been scattered many times. The universe must therefore contain enough matter, to make it opaque in every direction we look, because the microwave background is the same, in every direction we look. Moreover, this opacity must occur a long way away from us, because we can see galaxies and quasars, at great distances. Thus there must be a lot of matter at a great distance from us. The greatest opacity over a broad wave band, for a given density, comes from ionised hydrogen. It then follows that if there is enough matter to make the universe opaque, there is also enough matter to focus our past light cone. One can then apply the theorem of Penrose and myself, to show that time must have a beginning.
The focussing of our past light cone implied that time must have a beginning, if the General Theory of relativity is correct. But one might raise the question, of whether General Relativity really is correct. It certainly agrees with all the observational tests that have been carried out. However these test General Relativity, only over fairly large distances. We know that General Relativity can not be quite correct on very small distances, because it is a classical theory. This means, it doesn't take into account, the Uncertainty Principle of Quantum Mechanics, which says that an object can not have both a well defined position, and a well defined speed: the more accurately one measures the position, the less accurately one can measure the speed, and vice versa. Therefore, to understand the very high-density stage, when the universe was very small, one needs a quantum theory of gravity, which will combine General Relativity with the Uncertainty Principle.
参考资料：不告诉你哈哈哈哈哈哈
回答者：狼色业职 - 试用期 一级 3-21 17:41
宇宙大爆炸(Big Bang)仅仅是一种学说，是根据天文观测研究后得到的一种设想。||The big Bang( Big Bang) in cosmos is a kind of theory only, getting a kind of to conceive after prognosticating the research according to the astronomy||The big Bang( Big Bang) in cosmos is a kind of theory only, getting a kind of to conceive after prognosticating the research according to the astronomy.
大约在50亿年前，宇宙所有的物质都高度密集在一点，有着极高的温度，因而发生了巨大的爆炸。||About at 5,000,000,000 year ago, the material that cosmos is all is all high intensively in 1:00, have got the alpine temperature, as a result took place the enormous Bang.大爆炸以后，物质开始向外大膨胀，就形成了今天我们看到的宇宙。||About at 5,000,000,000 year ago, the material that cosmos is all is all high intensively in 1:00, have got the alpine temperature, as a result took place the enormous Bang.Big Bang later on, the material starts the outwardly big inflation, became today the cosmos that we see.大爆炸的整个过程是复杂的，现在只能从理论研究的基础上描绘过去远古的宇宙发展史。||About at 5,000,000,000 year ago, the material that cosmos is all is all high intensively in 1:00, have got the alpine temperature, as a result took place the enormous Bang.Big Bang later on, the material starts the outwardly big inflation, became today the cosmos that we see.Big whole process that explode is complicated, a foundation for can from the theories studying ascends the cosmos development history of the past time immemorial in description now.在这150亿年中先后诞生了星系团、星系、我们的银河系、恒星、太阳系、行星、卫星等。||About at 5,000,000,000 year ago, the material that cosmos is all is all high intensively in 1:00, have got the alpine temperature, as a result took place the enormous Bang.Big Bang later on, the material starts the outwardly big inflation, became today the cosmos that we see.Big whole process that explode is complicated, a foundation for can from the theories studying ascends the cosmos development history of the past time immemorial in description now.Bore the galaxy regiment, galaxy, our galaxy, fixed star, solar system, planet, satellite...etc||About at 5,000,000,000 year ago, the material that cosmos is all is all high intensively in 1:00, have got the alpine temperature, as a result took place the enormous Bang.Big Bang later on, the material starts the outwardly big inflation, became today the cosmos that we see.Big whole process that explode is complicated, a foundation for can from the theories studying ascends the cosmos development history of the past time immemorial in description now.Bore the galaxy regiment, galaxy, our galaxy, fixed star, solar system, planet, satellite...etc. successively in these 15,000,000,000 years.现在我们看见的和看不见的一切天体和宇宙物质，形成了当今的宇宙形态，人类就是在这一宇宙演变中诞生的。||successively in these 15,000,000,000 years.We see now of with unseen and the whole heavenly bodies with cosmos material, the cosmos appearance that became the now, mankind is in this cosmos turn in to bear||successively in these 15,000,000,000 years.We see now of with unseen and the whole heavenly bodies with cosmos material, the cosmos appearance that became the now, mankind is in this cosmos turn in to bear.
对此，人们开始反思，如果把这些向四面八方远离中的星系运动倒过来看，它们可能当初是从同一源头发射出去的，是不是在宇宙之初发生过一次难以想像的宇宙大爆炸呢？||To this, people start anti think, if keep off these toward the all directions inside of the galaxy sport pour to come over to see, they are probably to project to go to from same source hair at the beginning of, is at the early occurrence of the cosmos over big Bang in once hard and imaginary cosmos||To this, people start anti think, if keep off these toward the all directions inside of the galaxy sport pour to come over to see, they are probably to project to go to from same source hair at the beginning of, is at the early occurrence of the cosmos over big Bang in once hard and imaginary cosmos?后来又观测到了充满宇宙的微波背景辐射，就是说大约在150亿年前宇宙大爆炸所产生的余波虽然是微弱的但确实存在。||Prognosticated afterwards and again the alive with cosmic microwave background radiates, ising to say about at 15,000,000,000 the aftermath of big Bang in cosmos in year ago a creations although is a weak definite exsitting.这一发现对宇宙大爆炸是个有力的支持。||Prognosticated afterwards and again the alive with cosmic microwave background radiates, ising to say about at 15,000,000,000 the aftermath of big Bang in cosmos in year ago a creations although is a weak definite exsitting.This a the detection is an emollient support to the big Bang in cosmos||Prognosticated afterwards and again the alive with cosmic microwave background radiates, ising to say about at 15,000,000,000 the aftermath of big Bang in cosmos in year ago a creations although is a weak definite exsitting.This a the detection is an emollient support to the big Bang in cosmos.
宇宙大爆炸的观点:
1932年勒梅特首次提出了现代宇宙大爆炸理论：整个宇宙最初聚集在一个“原始原子”中，后来发生了大爆炸，碎片向四面八方散开，形成了我们的宇宙。||The standpoint of the big Bang in cosmos:
The plum of 勒 is with putting forward the big Bang in modern cosmos theories for the very fi
宇宙大爆炸(Big Bang)仅仅是一种学说，是根据天文观测研究后得到的一种设想。
大约在50亿年前，宇宙所有的物质都高度密集在一点，有着极高的温度，因而发生了巨大的爆炸。大爆炸以后，物质开始向外大膨胀，就形成了今天我们看到的宇宙。大爆炸的整个过程是复杂的，现在只能从理论研究的基础上描绘过去远古的宇宙发展史。在这150亿年中先后诞生了星系团、星系、我们的银河系、恒星、太阳系、行星、卫星等。现在我们看见的和看不见的一切天体和宇宙物质，形成了当今的宇宙形态，人类就是在这一宇宙演变中诞生的。
对此，人们开始反思，如果把这些向四面八方远离中的星系运动倒过来看，它们可能当初是从同一源头发射出去的，是不是在宇宙之初发生过一次难以想像的宇宙大爆炸呢？后来又观测到了充满宇宙的微波背景辐射，就是说大约在150亿年前宇宙大爆炸所产生的余波虽然是微弱的但确实存在。这一发现对宇宙大爆炸是个有力的支持。
宇宙大爆炸的观点:
1932年勒梅特首次提出了现代宇宙大爆炸理论：整个宇宙最初聚集在一个“原始原子”中，后来发生了大爆炸，碎片向四面八方散开，形成了我们的宇宙。美籍俄国天体物理学家伽莫夫第一次将广义相对论融入到宇宙理论中，提出了热大爆炸宇宙学模型：宇宙开始于高温、高密度的原始物质，最初的温度超过几十亿度，随着温度的继续下降，宇宙开始膨胀。
1965年，彭齐亚斯和威尔逊发现了宇宙背景辐射，后来他们证实宇宙背景辐射是宇宙大爆炸时留下的遗迹，从而为宇宙大爆炸理论提供了重要的依据。他们也因此获1978年诺贝尔物理学奖。
20世纪科学的智慧和毅力在霍金的身上得到了集中的体现。他对于宇宙起源后10-43秒以来的宇宙演化图景作了清晰的阐释.
宇宙的起源：最初是比原子还要小的奇点，然后是大爆炸，通过大爆炸的能量形成了一些基本粒子，这些粒子在能量的作用下，逐渐形成了宇宙中的各种物质。至此，大爆炸宇宙模型成为最有说服力的宇宙图景理论。然而，至今宇宙大爆炸理论仍然缺乏大量实验的支持，而且我们尚不知晓宇宙开始爆炸和爆炸前的图景。
宇宙大爆炸理论:大爆炸理论
大爆炸理论是关于宇宙形成的最有影响的一种学说，英文说法为Big Bang，也称为大爆炸宇宙论。大爆炸理论诞生于20世纪20年代，在40年代得到补充和发展，但一直寂寂无闻。直到50年代，人们才开始广泛注意这个理论。
大爆炸理论的主要观点是认为我们的宇宙曾有一段从热到冷的演化史。在这个时期里，宇宙体系并不是静止的，而是在不断地膨胀，使物质密度从密到稀地演化。这一从热到冷、从密到稀的过程如同一次规模巨大的爆发。根据大爆炸宇宙学的观点，大爆炸的整个过程是：在宇宙的早期，温度极高，在100亿度以上。物质密度也相当大，整个宇宙体系达到平衡。宇宙间只有中子、质子、电子、光子和中微子等一些基本粒子形态的物质。但是因为整个体系在不断膨胀，结果温度很快下降。当温度降到10亿度左右时，中子开始失去自由存在的条件，它要么发生衰变，要么与质子结合成重氢、氦等元素；化学元素就是从这一时期开始形成的。温度进一步下降到100万度后，早期形成化学元素的过程结束（见元素合成理论）。宇宙间的物质主要是质子、电子、光子和一些比较轻的原子核。当温度降到几千度时，辐射减退，宇宙间主要是气态物质，气体逐渐凝聚成气云，再进一步形成各种各样的恒星体系，成为我们今天看到的宇宙
英语课题吧我给你一个算了.没时间翻你小子记得给我加分 啊!!这一篇是屎底粪的演讲,时间之初的原稿,来自老屎的官网.哈哈哈
批娃儿给老子加分哈.
Public Lectures - The Beginning of Time
In this lecture, I would like to discuss whether time itself has a beginning, and whether it will have an end. All the evidence seems to indicate, that the universe has not existed forever, but that it had a beginning, about 15 billion years ago. This is probably the most remarkable discovery of modern cosmology. Yet it is now taken for granted. We are not yet certain whether the universe will have an end. When I gave a lecture in Japan, I was asked not to mention the possible re-collapse of the universe, because it might affect the stock market. However, I can re-assure anyone who is nervous about their investments that it is a bit early to sell: even if the universe does come to an end, it won't be for at least twenty billion years. By that time, maybe the GATT trade agreement will have come into effect.
The time scale of the universe is very long compared to that for human life. It was therefore not surprising that until recently, the universe was thought to be essentially static, and unchanging in time. On the other hand, it must have been obvious, that society is evolving in culture and technology. This indicates that the present phase of human history can not have been going for more than a few thousand years. Otherwise, we would be more advanced than we are. It was therefore natural to believe that the human race, and maybe the whole universe, had a beginning in the fairly recent past. However, many people were unhappy with the idea that the universe had a beginning, because it seemed to imply the existence of a supernatural being who created the universe. They preferred to believe that the universe, and the human race, had existed forever. Their explanation for human progress was that there had been periodic floods, or other natural disasters, which repeatedly set back the human race to a primitive state.
This argument about whether or not the universe had a beginning, persisted into the 19th and 20th centuries. It was conducted mainly on the basis of theology and philosophy, with little consideration of observational evidence. This may have been reasonable, given the notoriously unreliable character of cosmological observations, until fairly recently. The cosmologist, Sir Arthur Eddington, once said, 'Don't worry if your theory doesn't agree with the observations, because they are probably wrong.' But if your theory disagrees with the Second Law of Thermodynamics, it is in bad trouble. In fact, the theory that the universe has existed forever is in serious difficulty with the Second Law of Thermodynamics. The Second Law, states that disorder always increases with time. Like the argument about human progress, it indicates that there must have been a beginning. Otherwise, the universe would be in a state of complete disorder by now, and everything would be at the same temperature. In an infinite and everlasting universe, every line of sight would end on the surface of a star. This would mean that the night sky would have been as bright as the surface of the Sun. The only way of avoiding this problem would be if, for some reason, the stars did not shine before a certain time.
In a universe that was essentially static, there would not have been any dynamical reason, why the stars should have suddenly turned on, at some time. Any such "lighting up time" would have to be imposed by an intervention from outside the universe. The situation was different, however, when it was realised that the universe is not static, but expanding. Galaxies are moving steadily apart from each other. This means that they were closer together in the past. One can plot the separation of two galaxies, as a function of time. If there were no acceleration due to gravity, the graph would be a straight line. It would go down to zero separation, about twenty billion years ago. One would expect gravity, to cause the galaxies to accelerate towards each other. This will mean that the graph of the separation of two galaxies will bend downwards, below the straight line. So the time of zero separation, would have been less than twenty billion years ago.
At this time, the Big Bang, all the matter in the universe, would have been on top of itself. The density would have been infinite. It would have been what is called, a singularity. At a singularity, all the laws of physics would have broken down. This means that the state of the universe, after the Big Bang, will not depend on anything that may have happened before, because the deterministic laws that govern the universe will break down in the Big Bang. The universe will evolve from the Big Bang, completely independently of what it was like before. Even the amount of matter in the universe, can be different to what it was before the Big Bang, as the Law of Conservation of Matter, will break down at the Big Bang.
Since events before the Big Bang have no observational consequences, one may as well cut them out of the theory, and say that time began at the Big Bang. Events before the Big Bang, are simply not defined, because there's no way one could measure what happened at them. This kind of beginning to the universe, and of time itself, is very different to the beginnings that had been considered earlier. These had to be imposed on the universe by some external agency. There is no dynamical reason why the motion of bodies in the solar system can not be extrapolated back in time, far beyond four thousand and four BC, the date for the creation of the universe, according to the book of Genesis. Thus it would require the direct intervention of God, if the universe began at that date. By contrast, the Big Bang is a beginning that is required by the dynamical laws that govern the universe. It is therefore intrinsic to the universe, and is not imposed on it from outside.
Although the laws of science seemed to predict the universe had a beginning, they also seemed to predict that they could not determine how the universe would have begun. This was obviously very unsatisfactory. So there were a number of attempts to get round the conclusion, that there was a singularity of infinite density in the past. One suggestion was to modify the law of gravity, so that it became repulsive. This could lead to the graph of the separation between two galaxies, being a curve that approached zero, but didn't actually pass through it, at any finite time in the past. Instead, the idea was that, as the galaxies moved apart, new galaxies were formed in between, from matter that was supposed to be continually created. This was the Steady State theory, proposed by Bondi, Gold, and Hoyle.
The Steady State theory, was what Karl Popper would call, a good scientific theory: it made definite predictions, which could be tested by observation, and possibly falsified. Unfortunately for the theory, they were falsified. The first trouble came with the Cambridge observations, of the number of radio sources of different strengths. On average, one would expect that the fainter sources would also be the more distant. One would therefore expect them to be more numerous than bright sources, which would tend to be near to us. However, the graph of the number of radio sources, against there strength, went up much more sharply at low source strengths, than the Steady State theory predicted.
There were attempts to explain away this number count graph, by claiming that some of the faint radio sources, were within our own galaxy, and so did not tell us anything about cosmology. This argument didn't really stand up to further observations. But the final nail in the coffin of the Steady State theory came with the discovery of the microwave background radiation, in 1965. This radiation is the same in all directions. It has the spectrum of radiation in thermal equilibrium at a temperature of 2 point 7 degrees above the Absolute Zero of temperature. There doesn't seem any way to explain this radiation in the Steady State theory.
Another attempt to avoid a beginning to time, was the suggestion, that maybe all the galaxies didn't meet up at a single point in the past. Although on average, the galaxies are moving apart from each other at a steady rate, they also have small additional velocities, relative to the uniform expansion. These so-called "peculiar velocities" of the galaxies, may be directed sideways to the main expansion. It was argued, that as you plotted the position of the galaxies back in time, the sideways peculiar velocities, would have meant that the galaxies wouldn't have all met up. Instead, there could have been a previous contracting phase of the universe, in which galaxies were moving towards each other. The sideways velocities could have meant that the galaxies didn't collide, but rushed past each other, and then started to move apart. There wouldn't have been any singularity of infinite density, or any breakdown of the laws of physics. Thus there would be no necessity for the universe, and time itself, to have a beginning. Indeed, one might suppose that the universe had oscillated, though that still wouldn't solve the problem with the Second Law of Thermodynamics: one would expect that the universe would become more disordered each oscillation. It is therefore difficult to see how the universe could have been oscillating for an infinite time.
This possibility, that the galaxies would have missed each other, was supported by a paper by two Russians. They claimed that there would be no singularities in a solution of the field equations of general relativity, which was fully general, in the sense that it didn't have any exact symmetry. However, their claim was proved wrong, by a number of theorems by Roger Penrose and myself. These showed that general relativity predicted singularities, whenever more than a certain amount of mass was present in a region. The first theorems were designed to show that time came to an end, inside a black hole, formed by the collapse of a star. However, the expansion of the universe, is like the time reverse of the collapse of a star. I therefore want to show you, that observational evidence indicates the universe contains sufficient matter, that it is like the time reverse of a black hole, and so contains a singularity.
In order to discuss observations in cosmology, it is helpful to draw a diagram of events in space and time, with time going upward, and the space directions horizontal. To show this diagram properly, I would really need a four dimensional screen. However, because of government cuts, we could manage to provide only a two dimensional screen. I shall therefore be able to show only one of the space directions.
As we look out at the universe, we are looking back in time, because light had to leave distant objects a long time ago, to reach us at the present time. This means that the events we observe lie on what is called our past light cone. The point of the cone is at our position, at the present time. As one goes back in time on the diagram, the light cone spreads out to greater distances, and its area increases. However, if there is sufficient matter on our past light cone, it will bend the rays of light towards each other. This will mean that, as one goes back into the past, the area of our past light cone will reach a maximum, and then start to decrease. It is this focussing of our past light cone, by the gravitational effect of the matter in the universe, that is the signal that the universe is within its horizon, like the time reverse of a black hole. If one can determine that there is enough matter in the universe, to focus our past light cone, one can then apply the singularity theorems, to show that time must have a beginning.
How can we tell from the observations, whether there is enough matter on our past light cone, to focus it? We observe a number of galaxies, but we can not measure directly how much matter they contain. Nor can we be sure that every line of sight from us will pass through a galaxy. So I will give a different argument, to show that the universe contains enough matter, to focus our past light cone. The argument is based on the spectrum of the microwave background radiation. This is characteristic of radiation that has been in thermal equilibrium, with matter at the same temperature. To achieve such an equilibrium, it is necessary for the radiation to be scattered by matter, many times. For example, the light that we receive from the Sun has a characteristically thermal spectrum. This is not because the nuclear reactions, which go on in the centre of the Sun, produce radiation with a thermal spectrum. Rather, it is because the radiation has been scattered, by the matter in the Sun, many times on its way from the centre.
In the case of the universe, the fact that the microwave background has such an exactly thermal spectrum indicates that it must have been scattered many times. The universe must therefore contain enough matter, to make it opaque in every direction we look, because the microwave background is the same, in every direction we look. Moreover, this opacity must occur a long way away from us, because we can see galaxies and quasars, at great distances. Thus there must be a lot of matter at a great distance from us. The greatest opacity over a broad wave band, for a given density, comes from ionised hydrogen. It then follows that if there is enough matter to make the universe opaque, there is also enough matter to focus our past light cone. One can then apply the theorem of Penrose and myself, to show that time must have a beginning.
The focussing of our past light cone implied that time must have a beginning, if the General Theory of relativity is correct. But one might raise the question, of whether General Relativity really is correct. It certainly agrees with all the observational tests that have been carried out. However these test General Relativity, only over fairly large distances. We know that General Relativity can not be quite correct on very small distances, because it is a classical theory. This means, it doesn't take into account, the Uncertainty Principle of Quantum Mechanics, which says that an object can not have both a well defined position, and a well defined speed: the more accurately one measures the position, the less accurately one can measure the speed, and vice versa. Therefore, to understand the very high-density stage, when the universe was very small, one needs a quantum theory of gravity, which will combine General Relativity with the Uncertainty Principle.
再等几天，我比较忙。你可以去googlo上的英文网站哦^_^
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