如何挑选和喂养小拉布拉多
kuaidi.ping-jia.net 作者：佚名 更新日期：2024-07-28
怎么挑选拉布拉多幼犬？
选购拉拉，最好去专业的犬舍购买，因为专业的犬舍一般比较正规，有保障~当然，价钱也会比较贵。其次，也可以在一些家庭繁殖者购买，购买时，最好能看到幼犬的父母，并对父母的情况做一些了解。以下十点在选购幼犬时必须关注~
一、食欲正常吃喝、玩乐、睡眠、排泄是幼犬正常成长的四大需要。刚刚转变环境、食物或晕车浪的幼犬可能暂时减低食欲。不过，严重缺水、潜伏疾病、肠胃炎及身体有痛楚之幼犬亦会提不起胃口。遇有此情况，准狗主应保持观望态度。询问店员喂饲时间，再安排造访观察其变。
二、无鼻涕宠物着凉、鼻敏感或上呼吸道感染均会流鼻水。被细菌感染后，分泌物会转为奶白、黄色或绿色脓液。另外有食物从鼻孔喷出，则表示进食过急及吞咽机制有问题或有先天性结构上的缺陷。??
三、无咳嗽狗只着凉、喉咙敏感、空气环境混浊、气管炎及支气管炎均可令幼犬咳嗽。严重咳嗽加上多痰可导致胃口减低，营养欠佳。
四、身材适中身体肥瘦向来都是用来衡量营养状况之传统指标。身体消瘦、体力不足，免疫力发展自然会受到影响，容易患病及康复?新?。要特别一提的有两点：（一）肥瘦指标是披毛下的身体；（二）大肚腩的，不一定是肥。正常肥瘦之幼犬的胸肋骨应平均被肌肉、脂肪覆盖，不容易逐条清楚摸到。如果用手轻拨，胸部已有洗衫版般明显凹凸，即使有更长的披毛，这头狗亦属过瘦。另外，狗只的肥瘦亦可凭腹部背面肌肉的厚度来衡量。
五、眼睛明亮眼睛的角膜（眼睛最前部分）是透明，让人能清楚看见眼色素层的颜色。肝炎病毒可令角膜变蓝；异物入眼或创伤可引致眼肿而紧合起来或黏膜（眼白部分）变红或角膜变白。感染狗瘟病毒及其他眼炎病原体可导致眼分泌异常多及化脓。
六、卫生幼犬的卫生情况可反映环境及照顾质素的优劣。不少传染病及寄生虫都是经大小便或体液传播。所以沾满一身大便，确能增加接触病原体的机会；就算分开独立饲养，幼犬如舐到秽物，肠胃不适的机会亦大增。
七、无痛楚如果幼犬不进食而只顾在旁曲着背呻吟，就要特别检查是否肚痛。肚痛是肠炎和肝炎的病征之一。如果幼犬走动时叫痛，甚至不愿走动，便要特别检查骨架四肢是否有肌肉骨骼的创伤。
八、大便正常正常的幼犬大便呈泥胶般条状。刚刚转变环境、食物或过量喂饲、生虫和肠炎均可令幼犬肚泻。如粪便比牙膏还要软或含透明黏液，便要小心看待。
九、血色翻开犬只的口唇便可见到牙肉的血色。严重营养不良、生虫、造血障碍或面临休克都会令血色变得苍白。
十、无脓泡及过多皮屑皮肤干燥、皮肤敏感或生外寄生虫都会令狗只抓痒或大量丢皮屑。如果环境不洁或疏于打理，皮肤容易起红点及脓泡。这些虽不是大病，但欠缺适当护理下，仍可严重影响幼犬外观及气味，令主人担心不已。最后准狗主应该查看幼犬的防疫注射记录，核对犬只身份资料
如何挑选拉布拉多幼犬（参考意见）
一、要看到真实的种犬、尤其是公犬。
二、要经过一段时间的观察，形成正确的概念， 及自我审美标准。
三、头版；鼻、头盖骨、（以两眼角为中）的距离是1∶1、宽为1∶1、2左右、 （两耳间）头盖骨延鼻中线最未端有一尖顶。（不在上方）嘴宽牙齐。
四、前肢；不外翻、骨节清晰、爪大、紧扣于地、四指紧密。 腿以爪明显粗壮，骨量很足或显太足。（骨量一定要是）
五、后腿；粗壮有力、飞节明显，脚指紧抓地面。
六、身体；背平且直、肋骨不内扣、不外翻、背毛整齐、圆如小桶。
七、尾部；根粗、梢细、毛长同被毛一致，紧粘尾上。下面没有边毛。
八、耳朵；适中、耳根稍高于眼睛、下面圆倒三角。 平稳贴于两边。
九、走路；逗引时向你坚定而欢快地走来。 前后脚在一直线上，走时不摇摆，尾巴平伸以背部水一致，不直立。
十、生殖器官及腹部以犬本身色彩一致，无斑点、红点、皮肖、红肿。无体臭。肛门干净。 耳朵无味。
以上十项如不能保证第一项的真实，后面免谈。 因幼犬很难区分。
我家的多多是怎样炼成的!
在幼犬只有个把月大时，就能从它们的行为上观察，评定它们大致的性格，该项测试维持半至一小时，方法是在幼犬最活跃的时间，带它到一处陌生而宁静，没有任何分散小狗注意力的场所，每个项目评分都是由一分至六分：一、测试者跪在幼犬前面一段距离，呼唤幼犬前来，若然幼犬尾巴坚起直奔过来，它定是头充满信心、喜欢社交的狗儿；至于性格独立的狗儿可能无动于衷；而柔怯的幼犬可能会前来但态度犹豫，且尾巴垂下二`测试者先站起来慢行，以吸引幼犬追随他，对于自信心强的幼犬会主动追随；而强悍的会奔在前面，或是绊手绊脚；柔怯的会迟疑地却行又止、独立的则走到别处去了。三、将幼犬翻在地上四脚朝天，用一手按着它的胸口，并微用力限制它不许活动，以双眼盯着它的眼半分钟。此时强悍的会努力挣扎，目光不显畏惧，柔怯的则会顺屈从，目光游移/这项测试极为重要，最强悍的幼犬只适宜经验丰富的人士饲养。四、完成测试后，立刻将幼犬放在面前，温柔抚摸它全身、轻轻地对它说话，并低首倾前让它可以舐到测试者的面孔。对于一头不忘记刚才被压制，气度不宽宏的犬只，是比较难接受训练的.五`双臂抱着幼犬在胸前，站起来半分钟；目的是考验它在不能控制的环境下如何应付，若能舒然躺在臂弯的幼犬，长大后较容易适应陌生环境；相反不断挣扎的幼犬，具长大后同样会不愿接受人类的支配。六、以一张纸捏成纸团，抛在幼犬面前数尺，通常它的反应会： (一)奔向纸团、衔起它、在测试者的鼓励下走回来，这将是容易受训的良犬。 (二)对纸团兴趣不大甚至走掉，这犬只可接受训练的程度较低。 (三)衔着纸团走向角落独自咬扯玩耍，这头性格独立的狗儿将来需要老练的训练师。触觉 用姆指和食指捏着幼犬前脚中趾之间的皮蹼，口中数着一至十的数字，同时手指相应逐渐增加力度；若幼犬在最初已剧烈挣扎，将来对头圈、束缚及训练过度敏感；而在最强力度方才挣扎的狗儿，则需要强硬的训练者。 听觉 把发声的器具先发出响亮声音再隐藏一角--通常是金属盖之类。一声响之后，幼犬多会惊怕失措，如果它没有反应的话，要立刻带它去兽医处验一下是否失聪犬只，若幼犬能迅速恢愎正常，并且能调查声音来源，那便是头栅敏优良的狗儿。心有馀悸，远辟声源的狗儿，可能是不适合嚣闹的家庭。视觉 选把一些布条在幼犬前面挥舞，信心十足的幼犬会静静研究那是什么；勇悍的会试图咬破它；至于怯懦的早已躲起来了。最后的两项评分是基于幼犬的稳定性和精力旺盛程度，是从它在上述各项测试中的表现而评分,每一项目中评分都是由一至六分，表现得最强悍的得一分；相反，最怯懦的得六分。如果幼犬在各项测试中每项都得一分的话，当然这是极罕有的，它具强烈的支配欲甚至能带攻击性，所以不是头理想的家庭宠物犬。各项中心得二分最多的幼犬，同样具罗强支配欲，但可从适当的训练中变成优秀的伴侣和出色的工作犬。以得三分最多的幼犬，性格活泼外向，肯定是一头服从训练的卓越狗儿，对初养狗的人士最适合不过，得四分最多的幼犬，极乐意与人相处，尤其能与儿童融洽作伴，是家庭宠物犬的上选。得五分最多的幼犬，比较敏感和缺乏自信，对无甚要求、喜欢宁静生活或养狗纯为作伴年老夫妇来说，是颇佳的宁乐椅旁伴侣。不同犬种的特性也是考虑因素 以上的测试只是提供一种较客观的评核作参考，而且需要由经验丰富专家进行方便为准确，此外同时要考虑个人养犬目的和生活形式，例如要求拥有一头出赛犬或纯为作伴，选择上便大大不同了。而居住环境及个人性格也是一项重要的考虑因素。最后要注意是不同种类的犬只有不同的特性，例如爹利天性喜欢掘洞--这本是繁殖的一个目的，如文化教育上有翠绿的草坪、灿烂的花圃，那便要小心点，避免出现飞机轰炸后的场面--左一个洞右一个洞；又如文化教育上经常访客如云，一头责任心强的守卫犬便可有使你朋友绝迹了！总括来说，选择幼犬前除参考有关资料，详加考虑外，最好向有经验人士请教一下。在此祝你选到的幼犬十全十美!
对外界反应快速而灵敏，活泼可爱的狗是明智之选。总是懒洋洋地两耳不闻身边事的小狗，或是总是蜷在远远的一角的狗都不太合适。当然打架时的打架王也需要主人多多考虑，它长大了可能不易驯服且比较狂燥。 活泼而温顺，情绪稳定，愿意主动和人接近的狗狗容易相处。抱起你比较满意的那只小狗，抱得稍紧一点，使劲挣扎的比总是病怏怏有气无力的要好。 食欲旺盛也是健康的一个标准。当然体重也是。超重不太活动的和瘦小虚弱的狗都不合适。用手按住它的毛，即使看不到用手也可以很容易摸到它的肋骨的狗为最合适的。狗的脊椎不能弯曲，头骨不能变形，四肢应该是笔直而强壮的，脚部不就有红肿。 狗的皮肤应该是有弹性的，不应过于肥厚和有硬块。狗毛应该是柔软有光泽，没有打结的。特别应该观察狗是否不停地抓身上的某个地方。如果是这样它的皮肤可能有寄生虫或者皮肤病，这可是件麻烦事。还有狗狗的五官：
耳朵：如果你看到狗总歪着头或不自然地摆动耳朵时，它的耳朵内部可能有病。健康的耳朵内部应该是粉红色的，耳道干净无分泌物。对声音敏感，而且没有伤口或缺口。
眼睛：眼睛明亮而左右大小对称，黑眼球多、白眼球少，不流泪而且也没有太多的分泌物。 鼻子：鼻子应该总是湿润的，没有鼻涕，没有抓痕，而且总被它自己舔得黑亮黑亮的。 嘴：健康的狗牙齿、牙龈、舌头颜色红润。当然不能是兔子那样的豁嘴啦。没有口臭，不流口水，叫声洪亮不沙哑。大一点的狗牙缝里也不应有结石。而且应该不咳嗽和不打喷嚏。 肛门及外阴：应该是干净没有红肿和炎症的，而且腹泻的狗也是不可取的。这一点可以从狗尾的毛有没有黄色斑点看出来。
Labrador Retriever - AKC 标准
General Appearance
The Labrador Retriever is a strongly built(紧凑身材), medium-sized, short-coupled, dog possessing(特有的) a sound, athletic(运动的), well-balanced conformation(构造) that enables(使它能够) it to function(职责) as a retrieving gun dog; the substance(主要作为) and soundness(稳固的) to hunt waterfowl(水禽) or upland(陆地猎物) game for long hours under difficult conditions(环境); the character(特性的综合) and quality(品质) to win in the show ring(衔回); and the temperament(性情温和的) to be a family companion(伙伴). Physical features(身体面部) and mental characteristics(特有的智商) should denote(指示) a dog bred to perform(执行任务) as an efficient(能干的) Retriever of game with a stable(稳定的) temperament(性情) suitable for(适合的) a variety of pursuits(变化性强的追击) beyond(较远的) the hunting environment. The most distinguishing(有区别的) characteristics(特有的) of the Labrador Retriever are its short(短), dense(密集的), weather resistant(抵抗低温的) coat; an "otter" tail(水獭尾); a clean-cut(干燥的) head with broad back skull(宽广的头盖) and moderate stop(中等的,适当的胸深); powerful jaws(强大的咬合力); and its "kind" friendly eyes, expressing character(反应敏捷), intelligence(极聪明的) and good temperament(性情). Above all, a Labrador Retriever must be well balanced, enabling it(使它能够) to move in the show ring(回转) or work in the field(旷野) with little or no effort(不费力的). The typical Labrador possesses(拥有) style and quality without over(过于) refinement(精致,文雅), and substance(实际上) without lumber(笨重的行走) or cloddiness. The Labrador is bred primarily(起初) as a working gun dog; structure and soundness(各方面的稳固) are of great importance.
Size, Proportion and Substance(其比例与尺寸)
Size(尺寸) - The height at the withers for a dog is 22-1/2 to 24-1/2 inches; for a bitch is 21-1/2 to 23-1/2 inches(公犬自马肩隆至地面22.5~24.5英寸; 母犬21.5~23.5英寸). Any variance greater(任意超过) than 1/2 inch above or below these heights is a disqualification(失格). Approximate(大约重量) weight of dogs and bitches in working condition(条件,环境): dogs 65 to 80 pounds; bitches 55 to 70 pounds. The minimum height ranges(高度范围) set forth(对外宣布) in the paragraph(段落) above shall not apply(不应用于) to dogs or bitches under twelve months of age(1岁以下). Proportion(比例) - Short-coupled(连接); length(长度) from the point of the shoulder(肩点) to the point of the rump(臀部点) is equal(等于) to or slightly(些许的) longer than the distance from the withers to the ground(马肩到地面). Distance from the elbow to the ground(肘到地面的高度) should be equal to one half of the height at the withers(胸深和腿长1:1). The brisket should extend to the elbows(胸深至肘部), but not perceptibly(不可以明显感觉) deeper. The body must be of sufficient length(足够长的) to permit a straight(准许的范围内), free and efficient stride(轻松不费力的大步行走); but the dog should never appear low and long or tall and leggy(不可显示出苦力的或优美而长的腿), in outline(轮廓). Substance - Substance and bone proportionate(骨架成比例) to the overall dog. Light,"weedy" individuals(过轻的个别体) are definitely incorrect(绝对错误的); equally objectionable(令人反感) are cloddy(土气的) lumbering(笨拙的) specimens(样本). Labrador Retrievers shall be shown(展现出) in working condition(工作环境条件下的) well-muscled(精干的肌肉) and without excess fat(多余的肥肉).
Head(头部)
Skull(头骨) - The skull should be wide(宽广); well developed(良好的发展) but without exaggeration(过于夸张). The skull and foreface(眼睛前面的部分) should be on parallel planes and of approximately equal length(额段突出和嘴平行或接近). There should be a moderate(适中的) stop-the brow(额段) slightly pronounced(些微的突出) so that the skull is not absolutely in a straight line with the nose(以至于头盖和口吻部并非绝对平行). The brow ridges(额段延伸) aid(帮助) in defining the stop(深度的定义). The head should be clean-cut(干燥) and free from fleshy cheeks(肥厚的面颊); the bony structure(骨瘦嶙峋的结构) of the skull chiseled beneath the eye(眼睛之下轮廓分明) with no prominence in the cheek(面颊部无显著突出物). The skull may show some median line(头骨位于中心线左右); the occipital bone(枕骨) is not conspicuous(显著的) in mature(成年的) dogs. Lips should not be squared off or pendulous(四方和下垂), but fall away(倾斜) in a curve toward(接近曲线) the throat. A wedge-shape(契形) head, or a head long and narrow(狭窄) in muzzle(鼻口部) and back skull(后头盖骨) is incorrect as are massive(厚重结实的), cheeky heads. The jaws(口) are powerful and free from snippiness(剪状) the muzzle neither long and narrow(长而狭窄) nor(也不) short and stubby(短而粗的). Nose - The nose should be wide(宽大) and the nostrils(鼻孔) well-developed(完全开放). The nose should be black on black or yellow dogs, and brown on chocolates. Nose color fading(退色) to a lighter shade(逐渐变浅) is not a fault. A thoroughly(完全) pink nose or one lacking in any pigment(缺少色素) is a disqualification(失格). Teeth - The teeth should be strong and regular(有序) with a scissors bite(剪状咬合); the lower teeth(下牙) just behind, but touching the inner side(里面的) of the upper incisors(上门牙). A level bite(平行咬合) is acceptable, but not desirable(令人满意的). Undershot(下鄂突出), overshot(上鄂突出), or misaligned(方向偏离) teeth are serious faults(严重缺陷). Full dentition(全齿) is preferred. Missing molars(臼齿) or pre-molars are serious faults. Ears - The ears should hang moderately(适度悬挂) close to the head, set rather far back(适当靠后), and somewhat(稍微) low on the skull; slightly(些微) above(上) eye level. Ears should not be large and heavy, but in proportion(均衡的) with the skull and reach(延伸) to the inside of the eye when pulled forward(向前底下). Eyes - Kind, friendly eyes imparting(抽象的给予) good temperament(气质), intelligence and alertness(聪明而机敏) are a hallmark(特点) of the breed. They should be of medium size, set well apart(分离), and neither protruding nor deep set(两眼不突出或深陷). Eye color should be brown in black and yellow Labradors, and brown or hazel(淡褐色) in chocolates. Black, or yellow eyes give a harsh expression(表现的粗糙,苛刻) and are undesirable(不受欢迎的). Small eyes, set close together or round prominent eyes(圆而突出) are not typical of the breed. Eye rims(眼眶) are black in black and yellow Labradors; and brown in chocolates. Eye rims without pigmentation(色素沉着) is a disqualification.
Neck, Topline(被线) and Body
Neck - The neck should be of proper length(静长度) to allow(准许) the dog to retrieve game easily. It should be muscular(强健的) and free from throatiness. The neck should rise(上升) strongly from the shoulders with a moderate arch(适度的拱形). A short, thick neck(粗厚的) or a "ewe" neck(母羊脖) is incorrect. Topline - The back is strong and the topline is level(水平) from the withers to the croup(臀部) when standing or moving(后背强健. 在运动中从马肩至后臀要求与地面水平). However, the loin(腰) should show evidence of(说明,表明) flexibility for athletic endeavor(运动中保持弹性). Body - The Labrador should be short-coupled, with good spring(弹性) of ribs tapering to a moderately wide chest(胸肋部宽广适度)(身体 - 短粗~~). The Labrador should not be narrow chested(胸不可过窄); giving the appearance(展现) of hollowness(空旷) between the front legs, nor(也不能) should it have a wide spreading, bulldog-like front(~~也不可过宽形似英牛). Correct chest conformation(正确胸部构造) will result(导致) in tapering(尖端细的) between the front legs that allows(准许) unrestricted forelimb movement(运动中前肢活动自如). Chest breadth(宽度) that is either(任一的) too wide or too narrow for efficient movement(运动中显现) and stamina(持久力) is incorrect. Slab-sided(厚平板面) individuals(个体的) are not typical of the breed; equally objectionable(反对的) are rotund(圆形) or barrel chested(桶形胸部) specimens(样式). The underline is almost straight(下线几乎平直), with little or no tuck-up(提起) in mature(成熟的) animals. Loins(腰) should be short, wide and strong; extending to well developed(延伸正确), powerful hindquarters(后腿及臀部). When viewed from the side, the Labrador Retriever shows a well-developed, but not exaggerated(夸张) fore chest(在胸部以前). Tail -The tail is a distinguishing(有区别的) feature(特色) of the breed. It should be very thick at the base(~~尾根厚), gradually tapering toward the tip(像尖端逐渐变细), of medium length(长度), and extending no longer than to the hock. The tail should be free from feathering(羽毛庄的) and clothed thickly(浓密的覆盖) all around with the Labrador's short, dense coat(浓密的毛), thus(因而) having that peculiar rounded(罕见的圆形) appearance that has been described(描述) as the "otter" tail(水獭尾). The tail should follow the topline(于被线延伸) in repose or when in motion(休息或运动中). It may be carried gaily(欢快的摆动), but should not curl over the back(卷尾). Extremely(极端的) short tails or long thin(瘦的) tails are serious faults. The tail completes the balance(完全平衡的) of the Labrador by giving it a flowing line(平滑的流线) from the top of the head to the tip of the tail. Docking(下陷的) or otherwise altering(其他改变) the length(长度) or natural carriage(自然姿态) of the tail is a disqualification.
Forequarters(一侧的前半部分)
Forequarters should be muscular(强健的), well coordinated(协调) and balanced with the hindquarters(前躯肌肉感十足, 与后躯协调平衡.) . Shoulders - The shoulders are well laid-back, long and sloping, forming an angle with the upper arm of approximately 90 degrees that permits the dog to move his forelegs in an easy manner with strong forward reach(肩 - "肩位后置"良好, 长且倾斜~~与上臂构成角度约90度使其在运动中前腿活动自如伸展强劲到位). Ideally, the length of the shoulder blade should equal the length of the upper arm(理想肩胛长度与上臂长度相等). Straight shoulder blades, short upper arms or heavily muscled or loaded shoulders, all restricting free movement, are incorrect(肩胛过直, 上臂短促, 肩部肌肉凸凹...都会影响其自由运动~~不正确). Front Legs - When viewed from the front, the legs should be straight with good strong bone(前腿 - 从正前方看, 腿骨量充足直立于地面). Too much bone is as undesirable(不理想的) as too little bone, and short legged, heavy boned individuals are not typical of the breed(太粗太细太短过于沉重都不合标准). Viewed from the side, the elbows(肘) should be directly under the withers, and the front legs should be perpendicular to the ground and well under the body(从身体侧方看, 肘就在马肩隆垂线下. 前腿垂直地面~~). The elbows should be close to the ribs(肋骨) without looseness(双肘紧靠肋无间隙). Tied-in elbows(肘过紧) or being "out at the elbows"(手肘分离) interfere(妨碍) with free movement and are serious faults. Pasterns(胶) should be strong and short and should slope slightly(稍微溢出) from the perpendicular line of the leg(腿的垂直线). Feet are strong and compact(紧凑的), with well-arched toes(脚趾拱出) and well-developed pads(脚垫). Dew claws may be removed(狼趾去除). Splayed feet(指打开), hare feet(野兔指), knuckling(突球) over, or feet turning in or out are serious faults.
Hindquarters(后躯)
The Labrador's hindquarters are broad(宽的), muscular(肌肉强健) and well-developed from the hip(臀) to the hock(飞节) with well-turned stifles and strong short hocks(后躯宽阔, 肌肉感~~~飞节短促强健). Viewed from the rear(后面), the hind legs are straight and parallel(从正后方看, 后腿直立并平行). Viewed from the side, the angulation of the rear legs is in balance with the front(侧看, 后腿角度与前腿相互平衡). The hind legs are strongly boned, muscled with moderate angulation at the stifle, and powerful, clearly defined thighs(后腿骨胳强劲, 肌肉感...膝部角度适当, 有力, 大腿轮廓清晰). The stifle is strong and there is no slippage(滑动) of the patellae(膝盖骨) while in motion or when standing. The hock joints(飞节连接点) are strong, well let down(完全放松) and do not slip or hyper-extend(完全伸展) while in motion or when standing. Angulation(角度) of both stifle(膝盖) and hock joint(踝关节) is such as to achieve the optimal(理想的) balance of drive and traction(动力和牵引). When standing the rear toes are only slightly behind the point of the rump(站立时后脚趾略微落于后臀垂线后). Over angulation produces a sloping topline not typical of the breed(整体角度产生倾斜背线不合标准). Feet are strong and compact(紧凑), with well-arched(拱形的) toes and well-developed pads(脚垫). Cow-hocks, spread hocks, sickle hocks and over-angulation are serious structural defects and are to be faulted(牛腿, 撇腿, 镰刀腿及角度夸张都是严重结构缺陷).
Coat
The coat is a distinctive feature(有特色的) of the Labrador Retriever. It should be short, straight and very dense(密集的), giving a fairly hard(相当硬) feeling to the hand. The Labrador should have a soft, weather-resistant(对气温有抵抗力) undercoat that provides protection(保护) from water, cold and all types of ground cover(地被植物) A slight wave down(轻微的波浪) the back is permissible(准许). Woolly coats(羊毛状), soft silky coats(丝质背毛), and sparse slick(少而丝般) coats are not typical of the breed, and should be severely penalized(严厉处罚).
Color
The Labrador Retriever coat colors are black, yellow and chocolate. Any other color or a combination(联合) of colors is a disqualification. A small white spot(点) on the chest is permissible, but not desirable(不令人满意的). White hairs from aging(老年后白毛) or scarring(疤痕累累) are not to be misinterpreted as brindling(斑纹的). Black - Blacks are all black. A black with brindle markings or a black with tan markings is a disqualification. Yellow - Yellows may range in color from fox-red to light cream, with variations(变异) in shading(留下阴影) on the ears, back, and underparts(下体) of the dog. Chocolate - Chocolates can vary in shade from light to dark chocolate. Chocolate with brindle or tan(日晒后的棕色) markings is a disqualification.
Movement
Movement of the Labrador Retriever should be free and effortless(不费力的). When watching a dog move toward(对于) oneself, there should be no sign(标记) of elbows out. Rather(宁可), the elbows should be held neatly(优美的) to the body with the legs not too close together. Moving straight forward(迅速的) without pacing or weaving(缓慢或迂回), the legs should form straight lines, with all parts moving in the same plane(同一平面). Upon viewing(从上看) the dog from the rear(后面), one should have the impression (印象)that the hind legs(后腿) move as nearly as possible in a parallel line(平行线) with the front legs. The hocks(后腿) should do their full share(以后腿力量为主要力量来源) of the work, flexing (绕曲)well, giving the appearance of power and strength(力量). When viewed from the side, the shoulders should move freely and effortlessly(自由而不费力), and the foreleg should reach forward(移动迅速) close to the ground with extension(延伸). A short, choppy(波浪起伏) movement or high knee(膝盖) action indicates(显示出) a straight shoulder(直的肩部); paddling(划桨) indicates(显示出) long, weak pasterns(虚弱的胶骨); and a short, stilted(踩高跷) rear gait(后观步态) indicates a straight rear assembly(直的集合); all are serious faults. Movement faults interfering(妨碍) with performance(执行) including weaving(摇晃); side-winding(绕,缠); crossing(横越) over; high knee action; paddling; and short, choppy movement, should be severely penalized(严格处罚).
Temperament(气质)
True Labrador Retriever temperament is as much a hallmark(特点) of the breed as the "otter" tail. The ideal disposition(理想的) is one of a kindly, outgoing(外向), tractable nature(易驯服的); eager to please(容易满足) and non-aggressive towards(对..无攻击性的) man or animal. The Labrador has much that appeals(亲近) to people; his gentle(温和) ways, intelligence and adaptability(聪明且适应性强的) make him an ideal dog. Aggressiveness(好斗的) towards humans or other animals, or any evidence of shyness(显著胆怯行为的) in an adult should be severely penalized.
Disqualifications(失格)
1.Any deviation(背离) from the height prescribed in the Standard(高度标准).
2.A thoroughly(彻底) pink nose or one lacking in any pigment(缺少色素沉淀).
3.Eye rims(眼眶) without pigment.
4.Docking or otherwise altering the length or natural carriage of the tail(自然或人为改变尾部长度或摆动 姿态).
5.Any other color or a combination(联合) of colors other than black, yellow or chocolate as described(描写) in the Standard
教你养拉布拉多幼犬的方法(拉布拉多幼犬怎么喂养方法)
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拉布拉多是非常具有人气的一种宠物狗，虽然体型巨大，但是性格温和。很多人饲养拉布拉多都希望从幼犬开始，对此，小编贴心为大家介绍下拉布拉多幼犬的挑选方法。
拉布拉多
1.食欲正常吃喝、玩乐、睡眠、排泄是幼犬正常成长的四大需要。刚刚转变环境、食物或晕车浪的幼犬可能暂时减低食欲。不过，严重缺水、潜伏疾病、肠胃炎及身体有痛楚之幼犬亦会提不起胃口。遇有此情况，准狗主应保持观望态度。询问店员喂饲时间，再安排造访观察其变。
2.无鼻涕宠物着凉、鼻敏感或上呼吸道感染均会流鼻水。被细菌感染后，分泌物会转为奶白、黄色或绿色脓液。另外有食物从鼻孔喷出，则表示进食过急及吞咽机制有问题或有先天性结构上的缺陷。
3.无咳嗽狗只着凉、喉咙敏感、空气环境混浊、气管炎及支气管炎均可令幼犬咳嗽。严重咳嗽加上多痰可导致胃口减低，营养欠佳。
4.身材适中身体肥瘦向来都是用来衡量营养状况之传统指标。身体消瘦、体力不足，免疫力发展自然会受到影响，容易患病。
5.眼睛明亮眼睛的角膜（眼睛最前部分）是透明，让人能清楚看见眼色素层的颜色。肝炎病毒可令角膜变蓝；异物入眼或创伤可引致眼肿而紧合起来或黏膜（眼白部分）变红或角膜变白。感染狗瘟病毒及其他眼炎病原体可导致眼分泌异常多及化脓。
6.卫生幼犬的卫生情况可反映环境及照顾质素的优劣。不少传染病及寄生虫都是经大小便或体液传播。所以沾满一身大便，确能增加接触病原体的机会；就算分开独立饲养，幼犬如舐到秽物，肠胃不适的机会亦大增。
7.无痛楚如果幼犬不进食而只顾在旁曲着背呻吟，就要特别检查是否肚痛。肚痛是肠炎和肝炎的病征之一。如果幼犬走动时叫痛，甚至不愿走动，便要特别检查骨架四肢是否有肌肉骨骼的创伤。
8.大便正常正常的幼犬大便呈泥胶般条状。刚刚转变环境、食物或过量喂饲、生虫和肠炎均可令幼犬肚泻。如粪便比牙膏还要软或含透明黏液，便要小心看待。
9.血色翻开犬只的口唇便可见到牙肉的血色。严重营养不良、生虫、造血障碍或面临休克都会令血色变得苍白。
10.无脓泡及过多皮屑皮肤干燥、皮肤敏感或生外寄生虫都会令狗只抓痒或大量丢皮屑。如果环境不洁或疏于打理，皮肤容易起红点及脓泡。这些虽不是大病，但欠缺适当护理下，仍可严重影响幼犬外观及气味，令主人担心不已。最后准狗主应该查看幼犬的防疫注射记录，核对犬只身份资料。
拉布拉多犬是一种中大型犬类，天生个性温和、活泼、没有攻击性，适合被选作导盲犬或其他工作犬的狗品种，小拉布拉多，如果饲养管理不当，也不可能 成长为一只好犬。那么小拉布拉多犬该怎么喂养呢?
十个月前小拉布拉多喂食注意事顶
家庭饲养：食物应以动物性蛋白为主，多喂食高热量的食物。幼犬在出生2-3个月时，由于牙齿和下鄂尚未完全发育应把肉类切成细块之后再喂它。牛奶、黄油、奶酪等等也比较适宜。出生后6个月至1周岁以内大约相当于人的十来岁，所以拉布拉多在1年中可发育成相当于18岁年龄的青年人的青年拉布拉多。这时期正是狗成长最旺盛的时期，所城的热量大约相当于成长的1倍，可以多喂食一些动物性蛋白类食物。
拉布拉多犬断奶后至第3个月左右，我们就可以适当控制拉布拉多的喂食时间，喂食时间定为早晨7点、中12点、傍晚5点和夜里10点，每天4次。出生第5个月至第8个月，可在早晨、中午、傍晚分3次喂食，这段时间内给拉布拉多幼犬的喂食量大约相当于成犬的三分之一至一半。从断奶2-3个月到3个月以内的几个月中，拉布拉多幼犬的食物构成将决定它终生的饮食习惯。如果准备将来继续用专用狗粮饲养的话，必须在这段时间里让它适应专用狗粮的品口味。
温馨提示：小拉布拉多的胃肠大都很弱，喂养初期，给它充足的份量，但要到喂食的时间才让它进食。最好喂纤维少而柔软的食物，否则不易消化吸收，更不要喂生肉。
选购拉拉，最好去专业的犬舍购买，因为专业的犬舍一般比较正规，有保障~当然，价钱也会比较贵。其次，也可以在一些家庭繁殖者购买，购买时，最好能看到幼犬的父母，并对父母的情况做一些了解。以下十点在选购幼犬时必须关注~
一、食欲正常吃喝、玩乐、睡眠、排泄是幼犬正常成长的四大需要。刚刚转变环境、食物或晕车浪的幼犬可能暂时减低食欲。不过，严重缺水、潜伏疾病、肠胃炎及身体有痛楚之幼犬亦会提不起胃口。遇有此情况，准狗主应保持观望态度。询问店员喂饲时间，再安排造访观察其变。
二、无鼻涕宠物着凉、鼻敏感或上呼吸道感染均会流鼻水。被细菌感染后，分泌物会转为奶白、黄色或绿色脓液。另外有食物从鼻孔喷出，则表示进食过急及吞咽机制有问题或有先天性结构上的缺陷。??
三、无咳嗽狗只着凉、喉咙敏感、空气环境混浊、气管炎及支气管炎均可令幼犬咳嗽。严重咳嗽加上多痰可导致胃口减低，营养欠佳。
四、身材适中身体肥瘦向来都是用来衡量营养状况之传统指标。身体消瘦、体力不足，免疫力发展自然会受到影响，容易患病及康复?新?。要特别一提的有两点：（一）肥瘦指标是披毛下的身体；（二）大肚腩的，不一定是肥。正常肥瘦之幼犬的胸肋骨应平均被肌肉、脂肪覆盖，不容易逐条清楚摸到。如果用手轻拨，胸部已有洗衫版般明显凹凸，即使有更长的披毛，这头狗亦属过瘦。另外，狗只的肥瘦亦可凭腹部背面肌肉的厚度来衡量。
五、眼睛明亮眼睛的角膜（眼睛最前部分）是透明，让人能清楚看见眼色素层的颜色。肝炎病毒可令角膜变蓝；异物入眼或创伤可引致眼肿而紧合起来或黏膜（眼白部分）变红或角膜变白。感染狗瘟病毒及其他眼炎病原体可导致眼分泌异常多及化脓。
六、卫生幼犬的卫生情况可反映环境及照顾质素的优劣。不少传染病及寄生虫都是经大小便或体液传播。所以沾满一身大便，确能增加接触病原体的机会；就算分开独立饲养，幼犬如舐到秽物，肠胃不适的机会亦大增。
七、无痛楚如果幼犬不进食而只顾在旁曲着背呻吟，就要特别检查是否肚痛。肚痛是肠炎和肝炎的病征之一。如果幼犬走动时叫痛，甚至不愿走动，便要特别检查骨架四肢是否有肌肉骨骼的创伤。
八、大便正常正常的幼犬大便呈泥胶般条状。刚刚转变环境、食物或过量喂饲、生虫和肠炎均可令幼犬肚泻。如粪便比牙膏还要软或含透明黏液，便要小心看待。
九、血色翻开犬只的口唇便可见到牙肉的血色。严重营养不良、生虫、造血障碍或面临休克都会令血色变得苍白。
十、无脓泡及过多皮屑皮肤干燥、皮肤敏感或生外寄生虫都会令狗只抓痒或大量丢皮屑。如果环境不洁或疏于打理，皮肤容易起红点及脓泡。这些虽不是大病，但欠缺适当护理下，仍可严重影响幼犬外观及气味，令主人担心不已。最后准狗主应该查看幼犬的防疫注射记录，核对犬只身份资料
如何挑选拉布拉多幼犬（参考意见）
一、要看到真实的种犬、尤其是公犬。
二、要经过一段时间的观察，形成正确的概念， 及自我审美标准。
三、头版；鼻、头盖骨、（以两眼角为中）的距离是1∶1、宽为1∶1、2左右、 （两耳间）头盖骨延鼻中线最未端有一尖顶。（不在上方）嘴宽牙齐。
四、前肢；不外翻、骨节清晰、爪大、紧扣于地、四指紧密。 腿以爪明显粗壮，骨量很足或显太足。（骨量一定要是）
五、后腿；粗壮有力、飞节明显，脚指紧抓地面。
六、身体；背平且直、肋骨不内扣、不外翻、背毛整齐、圆如小桶。
七、尾部；根粗、梢细、毛长同被毛一致，紧粘尾上。下面没有边毛。
八、耳朵；适中、耳根稍高于眼睛、下面圆倒三角。 平稳贴于两边。
九、走路；逗引时向你坚定而欢快地走来。 前后脚在一直线上，走时不摇摆，尾巴平伸以背部水一致，不直立。
十、生殖器官及腹部以犬本身色彩一致，无斑点、红点、皮肖、红肿。无体臭。肛门干净。 耳朵无味。
以上十项如不能保证第一项的真实，后面免谈。 因幼犬很难区分。
我家的多多是怎样炼成的!
在幼犬只有个把月大时，就能从它们的行为上观察，评定它们大致的性格，该项测试维持半至一小时，方法是在幼犬最活跃的时间，带它到一处陌生而宁静，没有任何分散小狗注意力的场所，每个项目评分都是由一分至六分：一、测试者跪在幼犬前面一段距离，呼唤幼犬前来，若然幼犬尾巴坚起直奔过来，它定是头充满信心、喜欢社交的狗儿；至于性格独立的狗儿可能无动于衷；而柔怯的幼犬可能会前来但态度犹豫，且尾巴垂下二`测试者先站起来慢行，以吸引幼犬追随他，对于自信心强的幼犬会主动追随；而强悍的会奔在前面，或是绊手绊脚；柔怯的会迟疑地却行又止、独立的则走到别处去了。三、将幼犬翻在地上四脚朝天，用一手按着它的胸口，并微用力限制它不许活动，以双眼盯着它的眼半分钟。此时强悍的会努力挣扎，目光不显畏惧，柔怯的则会顺屈从，目光游移/这项测试极为重要，最强悍的幼犬只适宜经验丰富的人士饲养。四、完成测试后，立刻将幼犬放在面前，温柔抚摸它全身、轻轻地对它说话，并低首倾前让它可以舐到测试者的面孔。对于一头不忘记刚才被压制，气度不宽宏的犬只，是比较难接受训练的.五`双臂抱着幼犬在胸前，站起来半分钟；目的是考验它在不能控制的环境下如何应付，若能舒然躺在臂弯的幼犬，长大后较容易适应陌生环境；相反不断挣扎的幼犬，具长大后同样会不愿接受人类的支配。六、以一张纸捏成纸团，抛在幼犬面前数尺，通常它的反应会： (一)奔向纸团、衔起它、在测试者的鼓励下走回来，这将是容易受训的良犬。 (二)对纸团兴趣不大甚至走掉，这犬只可接受训练的程度较低。 (三)衔着纸团走向角落独自咬扯玩耍，这头性格独立的狗儿将来需要老练的训练师。触觉 用姆指和食指捏着幼犬前脚中趾之间的皮蹼，口中数着一至十的数字，同时手指相应逐渐增加力度；若幼犬在最初已剧烈挣扎，将来对头圈、束缚及训练过度敏感；而在最强力度方才挣扎的狗儿，则需要强硬的训练者。 听觉 把发声的器具先发出响亮声音再隐藏一角--通常是金属盖之类。一声响之后，幼犬多会惊怕失措，如果它没有反应的话，要立刻带它去兽医处验一下是否失聪犬只，若幼犬能迅速恢愎正常，并且能调查声音来源，那便是头栅敏优良的狗儿。心有馀悸，远辟声源的狗儿，可能是不适合嚣闹的家庭。视觉 选把一些布条在幼犬前面挥舞，信心十足的幼犬会静静研究那是什么；勇悍的会试图咬破它；至于怯懦的早已躲起来了。最后的两项评分是基于幼犬的稳定性和精力旺盛程度，是从它在上述各项测试中的表现而评分,每一项目中评分都是由一至六分，表现得最强悍的得一分；相反，最怯懦的得六分。如果幼犬在各项测试中每项都得一分的话，当然这是极罕有的，它具强烈的支配欲甚至能带攻击性，所以不是头理想的家庭宠物犬。各项中心得二分最多的幼犬，同样具罗强支配欲，但可从适当的训练中变成优秀的伴侣和出色的工作犬。以得三分最多的幼犬，性格活泼外向，肯定是一头服从训练的卓越狗儿，对初养狗的人士最适合不过，得四分最多的幼犬，极乐意与人相处，尤其能与儿童融洽作伴，是家庭宠物犬的上选。得五分最多的幼犬，比较敏感和缺乏自信，对无甚要求、喜欢宁静生活或养狗纯为作伴年老夫妇来说，是颇佳的宁乐椅旁伴侣。不同犬种的特性也是考虑因素 以上的测试只是提供一种较客观的评核作参考，而且需要由经验丰富专家进行方便为准确，此外同时要考虑个人养犬目的和生活形式，例如要求拥有一头出赛犬或纯为作伴，选择上便大大不同了。而居住环境及个人性格也是一项重要的考虑因素。最后要注意是不同种类的犬只有不同的特性，例如爹利天性喜欢掘洞--这本是繁殖的一个目的，如文化教育上有翠绿的草坪、灿烂的花圃，那便要小心点，避免出现飞机轰炸后的场面--左一个洞右一个洞；又如文化教育上经常访客如云，一头责任心强的守卫犬便可有使你朋友绝迹了！总括来说，选择幼犬前除参考有关资料，详加考虑外，最好向有经验人士请教一下。在此祝你选到的幼犬十全十美!
对外界反应快速而灵敏，活泼可爱的狗是明智之选。总是懒洋洋地两耳不闻身边事的小狗，或是总是蜷在远远的一角的狗都不太合适。当然打架时的打架王也需要主人多多考虑，它长大了可能不易驯服且比较狂燥。 活泼而温顺，情绪稳定，愿意主动和人接近的狗狗容易相处。抱起你比较满意的那只小狗，抱得稍紧一点，使劲挣扎的比总是病怏怏有气无力的要好。 食欲旺盛也是健康的一个标准。当然体重也是。超重不太活动的和瘦小虚弱的狗都不合适。用手按住它的毛，即使看不到用手也可以很容易摸到它的肋骨的狗为最合适的。狗的脊椎不能弯曲，头骨不能变形，四肢应该是笔直而强壮的，脚部不就有红肿。 狗的皮肤应该是有弹性的，不应过于肥厚和有硬块。狗毛应该是柔软有光泽，没有打结的。特别应该观察狗是否不停地抓身上的某个地方。如果是这样它的皮肤可能有寄生虫或者皮肤病，这可是件麻烦事。还有狗狗的五官：
耳朵：如果你看到狗总歪着头或不自然地摆动耳朵时，它的耳朵内部可能有病。健康的耳朵内部应该是粉红色的，耳道干净无分泌物。对声音敏感，而且没有伤口或缺口。
眼睛：眼睛明亮而左右大小对称，黑眼球多、白眼球少，不流泪而且也没有太多的分泌物。 鼻子：鼻子应该总是湿润的，没有鼻涕，没有抓痕，而且总被它自己舔得黑亮黑亮的。 嘴：健康的狗牙齿、牙龈、舌头颜色红润。当然不能是兔子那样的豁嘴啦。没有口臭，不流口水，叫声洪亮不沙哑。大一点的狗牙缝里也不应有结石。而且应该不咳嗽和不打喷嚏。 肛门及外阴：应该是干净没有红肿和炎症的，而且腹泻的狗也是不可取的。这一点可以从狗尾的毛有没有黄色斑点看出来。
Labrador Retriever - AKC 标准
General Appearance
The Labrador Retriever is a strongly built(紧凑身材), medium-sized, short-coupled, dog possessing(特有的) a sound, athletic(运动的), well-balanced conformation(构造) that enables(使它能够) it to function(职责) as a retrieving gun dog; the substance(主要作为) and soundness(稳固的) to hunt waterfowl(水禽) or upland(陆地猎物) game for long hours under difficult conditions(环境); the character(特性的综合) and quality(品质) to win in the show ring(衔回); and the temperament(性情温和的) to be a family companion(伙伴). Physical features(身体面部) and mental characteristics(特有的智商) should denote(指示) a dog bred to perform(执行任务) as an efficient(能干的) Retriever of game with a stable(稳定的) temperament(性情) suitable for(适合的) a variety of pursuits(变化性强的追击) beyond(较远的) the hunting environment. The most distinguishing(有区别的) characteristics(特有的) of the Labrador Retriever are its short(短), dense(密集的), weather resistant(抵抗低温的) coat; an "otter" tail(水獭尾); a clean-cut(干燥的) head with broad back skull(宽广的头盖) and moderate stop(中等的,适当的胸深); powerful jaws(强大的咬合力); and its "kind" friendly eyes, expressing character(反应敏捷), intelligence(极聪明的) and good temperament(性情). Above all, a Labrador Retriever must be well balanced, enabling it(使它能够) to move in the show ring(回转) or work in the field(旷野) with little or no effort(不费力的). The typical Labrador possesses(拥有) style and quality without over(过于) refinement(精致,文雅), and substance(实际上) without lumber(笨重的行走) or cloddiness. The Labrador is bred primarily(起初) as a working gun dog; structure and soundness(各方面的稳固) are of great importance.
Size, Proportion and Substance(其比例与尺寸)
Size(尺寸) - The height at the withers for a dog is 22-1/2 to 24-1/2 inches; for a bitch is 21-1/2 to 23-1/2 inches(公犬自马肩隆至地面22.5~24.5英寸; 母犬21.5~23.5英寸). Any variance greater(任意超过) than 1/2 inch above or below these heights is a disqualification(失格). Approximate(大约重量) weight of dogs and bitches in working condition(条件,环境): dogs 65 to 80 pounds; bitches 55 to 70 pounds. The minimum height ranges(高度范围) set forth(对外宣布) in the paragraph(段落) above shall not apply(不应用于) to dogs or bitches under twelve months of age(1岁以下). Proportion(比例) - Short-coupled(连接); length(长度) from the point of the shoulder(肩点) to the point of the rump(臀部点) is equal(等于) to or slightly(些许的) longer than the distance from the withers to the ground(马肩到地面). Distance from the elbow to the ground(肘到地面的高度) should be equal to one half of the height at the withers(胸深和腿长1:1). The brisket should extend to the elbows(胸深至肘部), but not perceptibly(不可以明显感觉) deeper. The body must be of sufficient length(足够长的) to permit a straight(准许的范围内), free and efficient stride(轻松不费力的大步行走); but the dog should never appear low and long or tall and leggy(不可显示出苦力的或优美而长的腿), in outline(轮廓). Substance - Substance and bone proportionate(骨架成比例) to the overall dog. Light,"weedy" individuals(过轻的个别体) are definitely incorrect(绝对错误的); equally objectionable(令人反感) are cloddy(土气的) lumbering(笨拙的) specimens(样本). Labrador Retrievers shall be shown(展现出) in working condition(工作环境条件下的) well-muscled(精干的肌肉) and without excess fat(多余的肥肉).
Head(头部)
Skull(头骨) - The skull should be wide(宽广); well developed(良好的发展) but without exaggeration(过于夸张). The skull and foreface(眼睛前面的部分) should be on parallel planes and of approximately equal length(额段突出和嘴平行或接近). There should be a moderate(适中的) stop-the brow(额段) slightly pronounced(些微的突出) so that the skull is not absolutely in a straight line with the nose(以至于头盖和口吻部并非绝对平行). The brow ridges(额段延伸) aid(帮助) in defining the stop(深度的定义). The head should be clean-cut(干燥) and free from fleshy cheeks(肥厚的面颊); the bony structure(骨瘦嶙峋的结构) of the skull chiseled beneath the eye(眼睛之下轮廓分明) with no prominence in the cheek(面颊部无显著突出物). The skull may show some median line(头骨位于中心线左右); the occipital bone(枕骨) is not conspicuous(显著的) in mature(成年的) dogs. Lips should not be squared off or pendulous(四方和下垂), but fall away(倾斜) in a curve toward(接近曲线) the throat. A wedge-shape(契形) head, or a head long and narrow(狭窄) in muzzle(鼻口部) and back skull(后头盖骨) is incorrect as are massive(厚重结实的), cheeky heads. The jaws(口) are powerful and free from snippiness(剪状) the muzzle neither long and narrow(长而狭窄) nor(也不) short and stubby(短而粗的). Nose - The nose should be wide(宽大) and the nostrils(鼻孔) well-developed(完全开放). The nose should be black on black or yellow dogs, and brown on chocolates. Nose color fading(退色) to a lighter shade(逐渐变浅) is not a fault. A thoroughly(完全) pink nose or one lacking in any pigment(缺少色素) is a disqualification(失格). Teeth - The teeth should be strong and regular(有序) with a scissors bite(剪状咬合); the lower teeth(下牙) just behind, but touching the inner side(里面的) of the upper incisors(上门牙). A level bite(平行咬合) is acceptable, but not desirable(令人满意的). Undershot(下鄂突出), overshot(上鄂突出), or misaligned(方向偏离) teeth are serious faults(严重缺陷). Full dentition(全齿) is preferred. Missing molars(臼齿) or pre-molars are serious faults. Ears - The ears should hang moderately(适度悬挂) close to the head, set rather far back(适当靠后), and somewhat(稍微) low on the skull; slightly(些微) above(上) eye level. Ears should not be large and heavy, but in proportion(均衡的) with the skull and reach(延伸) to the inside of the eye when pulled forward(向前底下). Eyes - Kind, friendly eyes imparting(抽象的给予) good temperament(气质), intelligence and alertness(聪明而机敏) are a hallmark(特点) of the breed. They should be of medium size, set well apart(分离), and neither protruding nor deep set(两眼不突出或深陷). Eye color should be brown in black and yellow Labradors, and brown or hazel(淡褐色) in chocolates. Black, or yellow eyes give a harsh expression(表现的粗糙,苛刻) and are undesirable(不受欢迎的). Small eyes, set close together or round prominent eyes(圆而突出) are not typical of the breed. Eye rims(眼眶) are black in black and yellow Labradors; and brown in chocolates. Eye rims without pigmentation(色素沉着) is a disqualification.
Neck, Topline(被线) and Body
Neck - The neck should be of proper length(静长度) to allow(准许) the dog to retrieve game easily. It should be muscular(强健的) and free from throatiness. The neck should rise(上升) strongly from the shoulders with a moderate arch(适度的拱形). A short, thick neck(粗厚的) or a "ewe" neck(母羊脖) is incorrect. Topline - The back is strong and the topline is level(水平) from the withers to the croup(臀部) when standing or moving(后背强健. 在运动中从马肩至后臀要求与地面水平). However, the loin(腰) should show evidence of(说明,表明) flexibility for athletic endeavor(运动中保持弹性). Body - The Labrador should be short-coupled, with good spring(弹性) of ribs tapering to a moderately wide chest(胸肋部宽广适度)(身体 - 短粗~~). The Labrador should not be narrow chested(胸不可过窄); giving the appearance(展现) of hollowness(空旷) between the front legs, nor(也不能) should it have a wide spreading, bulldog-like front(~~也不可过宽形似英牛). Correct chest conformation(正确胸部构造) will result(导致) in tapering(尖端细的) between the front legs that allows(准许) unrestricted forelimb movement(运动中前肢活动自如). Chest breadth(宽度) that is either(任一的) too wide or too narrow for efficient movement(运动中显现) and stamina(持久力) is incorrect. Slab-sided(厚平板面) individuals(个体的) are not typical of the breed; equally objectionable(反对的) are rotund(圆形) or barrel chested(桶形胸部) specimens(样式). The underline is almost straight(下线几乎平直), with little or no tuck-up(提起) in mature(成熟的) animals. Loins(腰) should be short, wide and strong; extending to well developed(延伸正确), powerful hindquarters(后腿及臀部). When viewed from the side, the Labrador Retriever shows a well-developed, but not exaggerated(夸张) fore chest(在胸部以前). Tail -The tail is a distinguishing(有区别的) feature(特色) of the breed. It should be very thick at the base(~~尾根厚), gradually tapering toward the tip(像尖端逐渐变细), of medium length(长度), and extending no longer than to the hock. The tail should be free from feathering(羽毛庄的) and clothed thickly(浓密的覆盖) all around with the Labrador's short, dense coat(浓密的毛), thus(因而) having that peculiar rounded(罕见的圆形) appearance that has been described(描述) as the "otter" tail(水獭尾). The tail should follow the topline(于被线延伸) in repose or when in motion(休息或运动中). It may be carried gaily(欢快的摆动), but should not curl over the back(卷尾). Extremely(极端的) short tails or long thin(瘦的) tails are serious faults. The tail completes the balance(完全平衡的) of the Labrador by giving it a flowing line(平滑的流线) from the top of the head to the tip of the tail. Docking(下陷的) or otherwise altering(其他改变) the length(长度) or natural carriage(自然姿态) of the tail is a disqualification.
Forequarters(一侧的前半部分)
Forequarters should be muscular(强健的), well coordinated(协调) and balanced with the hindquarters(前躯肌肉感十足, 与后躯协调平衡.) . Shoulders - The shoulders are well laid-back, long and sloping, forming an angle with the upper arm of approximately 90 degrees that permits the dog to move his forelegs in an easy manner with strong forward reach(肩 - "肩位后置"良好, 长且倾斜~~与上臂构成角度约90度使其在运动中前腿活动自如伸展强劲到位). Ideally, the length of the shoulder blade should equal the length of the upper arm(理想肩胛长度与上臂长度相等). Straight shoulder blades, short upper arms or heavily muscled or loaded shoulders, all restricting free movement, are incorrect(肩胛过直, 上臂短促, 肩部肌肉凸凹...都会影响其自由运动~~不正确). Front Legs - When viewed from the front, the legs should be straight with good strong bone(前腿 - 从正前方看, 腿骨量充足直立于地面). Too much bone is as undesirable(不理想的) as too little bone, and short legged, heavy boned individuals are not typical of the breed(太粗太细太短过于沉重都不合标准). Viewed from the side, the elbows(肘) should be directly under the withers, and the front legs should be perpendicular to the ground and well under the body(从身体侧方看, 肘就在马肩隆垂线下. 前腿垂直地面~~). The elbows should be close to the ribs(肋骨) without looseness(双肘紧靠肋无间隙). Tied-in elbows(肘过紧) or being "out at the elbows"(手肘分离) interfere(妨碍) with free movement and are serious faults. Pasterns(胶) should be strong and short and should slope slightly(稍微溢出) from the perpendicular line of the leg(腿的垂直线). Feet are strong and compact(紧凑的), with well-arched toes(脚趾拱出) and well-developed pads(脚垫). Dew claws may be removed(狼趾去除). Splayed feet(指打开), hare feet(野兔指), knuckling(突球) over, or feet turning in or out are serious faults.
Hindquarters(后躯)
The Labrador's hindquarters are broad(宽的), muscular(肌肉强健) and well-developed from the hip(臀) to the hock(飞节) with well-turned stifles and strong short hocks(后躯宽阔, 肌肉感~~~飞节短促强健). Viewed from the rear(后面), the hind legs are straight and parallel(从正后方看, 后腿直立并平行). Viewed from the side, the angulation of the rear legs is in balance with the front(侧看, 后腿角度与前腿相互平衡). The hind legs are strongly boned, muscled with moderate angulation at the stifle, and powerful, clearly defined thighs(后腿骨胳强劲, 肌肉感...膝部角度适当, 有力, 大腿轮廓清晰). The stifle is strong and there is no slippage(滑动) of the patellae(膝盖骨) while in motion or when standing. The hock joints(飞节连接点) are strong, well let down(完全放松) and do not slip or hyper-extend(完全伸展) while in motion or when standing. Angulation(角度) of both stifle(膝盖) and hock joint(踝关节) is such as to achieve the optimal(理想的) balance of drive and traction(动力和牵引). When standing the rear toes are only slightly behind the point of the rump(站立时后脚趾略微落于后臀垂线后). Over angulation produces a sloping topline not typical of the breed(整体角度产生倾斜背线不合标准). Feet are strong and compact(紧凑), with well-arched(拱形的) toes and well-developed pads(脚垫). Cow-hocks, spread hocks, sickle hocks and over-angulation are serious structural defects and are to be faulted(牛腿, 撇腿, 镰刀腿及角度夸张都是严重结构缺陷).
Coat
The coat is a distinctive feature(有特色的) of the Labrador Retriever. It should be short, straight and very dense(密集的), giving a fairly hard(相当硬) feeling to the hand. The Labrador should have a soft, weather-resistant(对气温有抵抗力) undercoat that provides protection(保护) from water, cold and all types of ground cover(地被植物) A slight wave down(轻微的波浪) the back is permissible(准许). Woolly coats(羊毛状), soft silky coats(丝质背毛), and sparse slick(少而丝般) coats are not typical of the breed, and should be severely penalized(严厉处罚).
Color
The Labrador Retriever coat colors are black, yellow and chocolate. Any other color or a combination(联合) of colors is a disqualification. A small white spot(点) on the chest is permissible, but not desirable(不令人满意的). White hairs from aging(老年后白毛) or scarring(疤痕累累) are not to be misinterpreted as brindling(斑纹的). Black - Blacks are all black. A black with brindle markings or a black with tan markings is a disqualification. Yellow - Yellows may range in color from fox-red to light cream, with variations(变异) in shading(留下阴影) on the ears, back, and underparts(下体) of the dog. Chocolate - Chocolates can vary in shade from light to dark chocolate. Chocolate with brindle or tan(日晒后的棕色) markings is a disqualification.
Movement
Movement of the Labrador Retriever should be free and effortless(不费力的). When watching a dog move toward(对于) oneself, there should be no sign(标记) of elbows out. Rather(宁可), the elbows should be held neatly(优美的) to the body with the legs not too close together. Moving straight forward(迅速的) without pacing or weaving(缓慢或迂回), the legs should form straight lines, with all parts moving in the same plane(同一平面). Upon viewing(从上看) the dog from the rear(后面), one should have the impression (印象)that the hind legs(后腿) move as nearly as possible in a parallel line(平行线) with the front legs. The hocks(后腿) should do their full share(以后腿力量为主要力量来源) of the work, flexing (绕曲)well, giving the appearance of power and strength(力量). When viewed from the side, the shoulders should move freely and effortlessly(自由而不费力), and the foreleg should reach forward(移动迅速) close to the ground with extension(延伸). A short, choppy(波浪起伏) movement or high knee(膝盖) action indicates(显示出) a straight shoulder(直的肩部); paddling(划桨) indicates(显示出) long, weak pasterns(虚弱的胶骨); and a short, stilted(踩高跷) rear gait(后观步态) indicates a straight rear assembly(直的集合); all are serious faults. Movement faults interfering(妨碍) with performance(执行) including weaving(摇晃); side-winding(绕,缠); crossing(横越) over; high knee action; paddling; and short, choppy movement, should be severely penalized(严格处罚).
Temperament(气质)
True Labrador Retriever temperament is as much a hallmark(特点) of the breed as the "otter" tail. The ideal disposition(理想的) is one of a kindly, outgoing(外向), tractable nature(易驯服的); eager to please(容易满足) and non-aggressive towards(对..无攻击性的) man or animal. The Labrador has much that appeals(亲近) to people; his gentle(温和) ways, intelligence and adaptability(聪明且适应性强的) make him an ideal dog. Aggressiveness(好斗的) towards humans or other animals, or any evidence of shyness(显著胆怯行为的) in an adult should be severely penalized.
Disqualifications(失格)
1.Any deviation(背离) from the height prescribed in the Standard(高度标准).
2.A thoroughly(彻底) pink nose or one lacking in any pigment(缺少色素沉淀).
3.Eye rims(眼眶) without pigment.
4.Docking or otherwise altering the length or natural carriage of the tail(自然或人为改变尾部长度或摆动 姿态).
5.Any other color or a combination(联合) of colors other than black, yellow or chocolate as described(描写) in the Standard
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