大气污染资料（英文的）
kuaidi.ping-jia.net 作者：佚名 更新日期：2024-07-28
“大气污染很严重”用英文怎么说
The presence in the atmospheric environment of natural and artificial substances that affect human health or well-being, or the well-being of any other specific organism. Pragmatically, air pollution also applies to situations where contaminants impact structures and artifacts or esthetic sensibilities (such as visibility or smell). Most artificial impurities are injected into the atmosphere at or near the Earth's surface. The lower atmosphere (troposphere) cleanses itself of some of these pollutants in a few hours or days as the larger particles settle to the surface and soluble gases and particles encounter precipitation or are removed through contact with surface objects. Unfortunately, removal of some pollutants (for example, sulfates and nitrates) by precipitation and dry deposition results in acid deposition, which may cause serious environmental damage. Also, mixing of the pollutants into the upper atmosphere may dilute the concentrations near the Earth's surface, but can cause long-term changes in the chemistry of the upper atmosphere, including the ozone layer. See also Atmosphere; Troposphere.
Types of sources
Sources may be characterized in a number of ways. First, a distinction may be made between natural and anthropogenic sources. Another frequent classification is in terms of stationary (power plants, incinerators, industrial operations, and space heating) and moving (motor vehicles, ships, aircraft, and rockets) sources. Another classification describes sources as point (a single stack), line (a line of stacks), or area (city).
Different types of pollution are conveniently specified in various ways: gaseous, such as carbon monoxide, or particulate, such as smoke, pesticides, and aerosol sprays; inorganic, such as hydrogen fluoride, or organic, such as mercaptans; oxidizing substances, such as ozone, or reducing substances, such as oxides of sulfur and oxide s of nitrogen; radioactive substances, such as iodine-131; inert substances, such as pollen or fly ash; or thermal pollution, such as the heat produced by nuclear power plants.
Air contaminants are produced in many ways and come from many sources; it is difficult to identify all the various producers. Also, for some pollutants such as carbon dioxide and methane, the natural emissions sometimes far exceed the anthropogenic emissions.
Both anthropogenic and natural emissions are variable from year to year, depending on fuel usage, industrial development, and climate. In some countries where pollution control regulations have been implemented, emissions have been significantly reduced. For example, in the United States sulfur dioxide emissions dropped by about 30% between 1970 and 1992, and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions were cut by over 30% in the same period. However, in some developing countries emissions continually rise as more cars are put on the road and more industrial facilities and power plants are constructed. In dry regions, natural emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon dioxide (CO2), and hydrocarbons can be greatly increased during a season with high rainfall and above-average vegetation growth.
The anthropogenic component of most estimates of the methane budget is about two-thirds. Ruminant production and emissions from rice paddies are regarded as anthropogenic because they result from human agricultural activities. The perturbations to carbon dioxide since the industrial revolution are also principally the result of human activities. These emissions have not yet equilibrated with the rest of the carbon cycle and so have had a profound effect on atmospheric levels, even though emissions from fossil fuel combustion are dwarfed by natural emissions.
Effects
The major concern with air pollution relates to its effects on humans. Since most people spend most of their time indoors, there has been increased interest in air-pollution concentrations in homes, workplaces, and shopping areas. Much of the early information on health effects came from occupational health studies completed prior to the implementation of general air-quality standards.
Air pollution principally injures the respiratory system, and health effects can be studied through three approaches, clinical, epidemiological, and toxicological. Clinical studies use human subjects in controlled laboratory conditions, epidemiological studies assess human subjects (health records) in real-world conditions, and toxicological studies are conducted on animals or simple cellular systems. Of course, epidemiological studies are the most closely related to actual conditions, but they are the most difficult to interpret because of the lack of control and the subsequent problems with statistical analysis. Another difficulty arises because of differences in response among different people. For example, elderly asthmatics are likely to be more strongly affected by sulfur dioxide than the teenage members of a hiking club. See also Epidemiology.
Damage to vegetation by air pollution is of many kinds. Sulfur dioxide may damage field crops such as alfalfa and trees such as pines, especially during the growing season (Fig. 1). Both hydrogen fluoride (HF) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in high concentrations have been shown to be harmful to citrus trees and ornamental plants, which are of economic, importance in central Florida. Ozone and ethylene are other contaminants that cause damage to certain kinds of vegetation.
Air pollution can affect the dynamics of the atmosphere through changes in longwave and shortwave radiation processes. Particles can absorb or reflect incoming short-wave solar radiation, keeping it from the Earth's surface during the day. Greenhouse gases can absorb long-wave radiation emitted by the Earth's surface and atmosphere.
Carbon dioxide, methane, fluorocarbons, nitrous oxides, ozone, and water vapor are important greenhouse gases. These represent a class of gases that selectively absorb long-wave radiation. This effect warms the temperature of the Earth's atmosphere and surface higher than would be found in the absence of an atmosphere (the greenhouse effect). Because the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is rising, there is a possibility that the temperature of the atmosphere will gradually rise, possibly resulting in a general warming of the global climate over a time period of several generations. See also Greenhouse effect.
Researchers are also concerned with pollution of the stratosphere (10–50 km or 6–30 mi above the Earth's surface) by aircraft and by broad surface sources. The stratosphere is important, because it contains the ozone layer, which absorbs part of the Sun's short-wave radiation and keeps it from reaching the surface. If the ozone layer is significantly depleted, an increase in skin cancer in humans is expected. Each 1% loss of ozone is estimated to increase the skin cancer rate 3–6%. See also Stratosphere.
Visibility is reduced as concentrations of aerosols or particles increase. The particles do not just affect visibility by themselves but also act as condensation nuclei for cloud or haze formation. In each of the three serious air-pollution episodes discussed above, smog (smoke and fog) were present with greatly reduced visibility.
Chemistry
Air pollution can be divided into primary and secondary compounds, where primary pollutants are emitted directly from sources (for example, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide) and secondary pollutants are produced by chemical reactions between other pollutants and atmospheric gases and particles (for example, sulfates, ozone). Most of the chemical transformations are best described as oxidation processes. In many cases these secondary pollutants can have significant environmental effects, such as acid rain and smog.
Smog is the best-known example of secondary pollutants formed by photochemical processes, as a result of primary emissions of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive hydrocarbons from anthropogenic sources such as transportation and industry as well as natural sources. Energy from the Sun causes the formation of nitrogen dioxide, ozone (O3), and peroxyacetalnitrate, which cause eye irritation and plant damage.
It has been shown that when emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide from tall power plant and other industrial stacks are carried over great distances and combined with emissions from other areas, acidic compounds can be formed by complex chemical reactions. In the absence of anthropogenic pollution sources, the average pH of rain is around 5.6 (slightly acidic). In the eastern United States, acid rain with a pH less than 5.0 has been measured and consists of about 65% dilute sulfuric acid, 30% dilute nitric acid, and 5% other acids.
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二章 大气污染防治的监督管理
Chapter II Supervision and Management of the Prevention and Control of Atmospheric Pollution
第十一条 新建、扩建、改建向大气排放污染物的项目，必须遵守国家有关建设项目环境保护管理的规定。
Article 11 New construction projects, expansion or reconstruction projects which discharge atmospheric pollutants shall be governed by the State regulations concerning environmental protection for such projects.
建设项目的环境影响报告书，必须对建设项目可能产生的大气污染和对生态环境的影响作出评价，规定防治措施，并按照规定的程序报环境保护行政主管部门审查批准。
An environmental impact statement on construction projects shall include an assessment of the atmospheric pollution the project is likely to produce and its impact on the ecosystem, stipulate the preventive and curative measures. The statement shall be submitted, according to the specified procedure, to the administrative department of environmental protection concerned for examination and approval.
建设项目投入生产或者使用之前，其大气污染防治设施必须经过环境保护行政主管部门验收，达不到国家有关建设项目环境保护管理规定的要求的建设项目，不得投入生产或者使用。
When a construction project is to be put into operation or to use, its facilities for the prevention of atmospheric pollution must be checked and accepted by the administrative department of environmental protection. Construction projects that do not fulfill the requirements specified in the State regulations concerning environmental protection for such construction projects shall not be permitted to begin operation or to use.
第十二条 向大气排放污染物的单位，必须按照国务院环境保护行政主管部门的规定向所在地的环境保护行政主管部门申报拥有的污染物排放设施、处理设施和在正常作业条件下排放污染物的种类、数量、浓度，并提供防治大气污染方面的有关技术资料。
Article 12 Units that discharge atmospheric pollutants must, pursuant to the provisions of the administrative department of environmental protection under the State Council, report to the local administrative department of environmental protection its existing discharge and treatment facilities for pollutants and the categories, quantities and concentrations of pollutants discharged under normal operation conditions and submit to the same department relevant technical data concerning the prevention and control of atmospheric pollution.
前款规定的排污单位排放大气污染物的种类、数量、浓度有重大改变的，应当及时申报；
Units that discharge pollutants as specified in the preceding paragraph shall report in due time about any substantial change in the category, quantity or concentration of the atmospheric pollutants discharged.
其大气污染物处理设施必须保持正常使用，拆除或者闲置大气污染物处理设施的，必须事先报经所在地的县级以上地方人民政府环境保护行政主管部门批准。
Their atmospheric pollutant treatment facilities must ensure normal operations. Where the said facilities are to be dismantled or left idle, approval of the local administrative department of environmental protection under the people's government above the county level shall be obtained in advance.
第十三条 向大气排放污染物的，其污染物排放浓度不得超过国家和地方规定的排放标准。
Article 13 Where atmospheric pollutants are discharged, the concentration of the said pollutants may not exceed the standards prescribed by the State and local authorities.
第十四条 国家实行按照向大气排放污染物的种类和数量征收排污费的制度，根据加强大气污染防治的要求和国家的经济、技术条件合理制定排污费的征收标准。
Article 14 The State implements a system of collecting fees for discharging pollutants on the basis of the categories and quantities of the atmospheric pollutants discharged, and establishing reasonable standards for collecting the fees therefor according to the needs of strengthening prevention and control of atmospheric pollution and the State's economic and technological conditions.
征收排污费必须遵守国家规定的标准，具体办法和实施步骤由国务院规定。
The standards provided by the State shall be observed in the collection of fees for discharge of pollutants, the concrete measures therefor and. State Council shall enact the implementing procedures
征收的排污费一律上缴财政，按照国务院的规定用于大气污染防治，不得挪作他用，并由审计机关依法实施审计监督。
The fees collected for discharge of pollutants shall all be turned over to the Treasury and shall be used for the prevention and control of atmospheric pollution as prescribed by the State Council and may not be misappropriated. The auditing authorities shall exercise supervision through auditing according to law.
第十五条 国务院和省、自治区、直辖市人民政府对尚未达到规定的大气环境质量标准的区域和国务院批准划定的酸雨控制区、二氧化硫污染控制区，可以划定为主要大气污染物排放总量控制区。
Article 15 With regard to the regions not meeting the prescribed standards for the quality of atmospheric environment and the acid rain control areas and the sulfur dioxide pollution control areas designated as such with the approval of the State Council, the State Council or the people's government of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government may delimit them as the major areas for the total emission control air pollutants .
主要大气污染物排放总量控制的具体办法由国务院规定。
The concrete measures for the State Council shall prescribe the total emission control of major air pollutants.
大气污染物总量控制区内有关地方人民政府依照国务院规定的条件和程序，按照公开、公平、公正的原则，核定企业事业单位的主要大气污染物排放总量，核发主要大气污染物排放许可证。
The local people's government concerned in the areas for the control of total emission of air pollutants shall check and approve the total emission of major air pollutants by enterprises and institutions and issue them licenses for emission of major air pollutants. It shall do this in accordance with the conditions and procedures provided by the State Council and in line with the principles of openness, fairness and impartiality.
有大气污染物总量控制任务的企业事业单位，必须按照核定的主要大气污染物排放总量和许可证规定的排放条件排放污染物。
The enterprises and institutions obliged to control their total emission of air pollutants must emit their pollutants according to the checked and approved standards for the total emission of major air pollutants and the conditions of emission provided by the license.
第十六条 在国务院和省、自治区、直辖市人民政府划定的风景名胜区、自然保护区、文物保护单位附近地区和其他需要特别保护的区域内，不得建设污染环境的工业生产设施；
Article 16 No industrial production facilities that cause environmental pollution shall be built within scenic spots or places of historical interest, natural reserves, areas close to historical or cultural sites under protection and other places that need special protection, as designated by the State Council or the people's government of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government.
建设其他设施，其污染物排放不得超过规定的排放标准。
Other facilities to be built in these areas must not emit air pollutants in access of the prescribed standards for pollutant discharge.
在本法施行前企业事业单位已经建成的设施，其污染物排放超过规定的排放标准的，依照本法第四十八条的规定限期治理。
Enterprises and institutions which built before the enforcement of this Law, with facilities discharging more pollutants than permitted by the prescribed discharge standards shall be ordered to dealt with within a period of time in accordance with the provisions of Article 48 of this Law.
第十七条 国务院按照城市总体规划、环境保护规划目标和城市大气环境质量状况，划定大气污染防治重点城市。
Article 17 The State Council shall, in accordance with the general plan for urban development, the target of the environment protection plan and the quality of the urban atmospheric environment, designate some cities as key cities for the control of air pollution.
直辖市、省会城市、沿海开放城市和重点旅游城市应当列入大气污染防治重点城市。
Municipalities directly under the Central Government, provincial capitals, coastal open cities and key tourist cities shall be designated as key cities for the control of air pollution.
未达到大气环境质量标准的大气污染防治重点城市，应当按照国务院或者国务院环境保护行政主管部门规定的期限，达到大气环境质量标准。
Where key cities for the control of air pollution do not meet the standards for the quality of the atmospheric environment, they shall endeavor to meet such standards within the time limit prescribed by the State Council or the administrative department of environmental protection under the State Council.
该城市人民政府应当制定限期达标规划，并可以根据国务院的授权或者规定，采取更加严格的措施，按期实现达标规划。
The people's government of such a city shall make plans to meet the standards within the time limit, and may, in line with the authorization or relevant regulations of the State Council, adopt even more stringent measures to realize such plans.
第十八条 国务院环境保护行政主管部门会同国务院有关部门，根据气象、地形、土壤等自然条件，可以对已经产生、可能产生酸雨的地区或者其他二氧化硫污染严重的地区，经国务院批准后，划定为酸雨控制区或者二氧化硫污染控制区。
Article 18 The administrative department of environmental protection under the State Council together with relevant departments under the State Council may, in light of the meteorological, topographical, soil and other natural conditions, delimit the areas where acid rain has occurred or will probably occur and areas that are seriously polluted by sulfur dioxide as acid rain control areas and sulfur dioxide pollution control areas with the approval the State Council.
第十九条 企业应当优先采用能源利用效率高、污染物排放量少的清洁生产工艺，减少大气污染物的产生。
Article 19 Enterprises shall give priority to the adoption of clean production techniques that are instrumental to high efficient use of energy and to reducing the discharge of pollutants so as to decrease the generation of atmospheric pollutants.
国家对严重污染大气环境的落后生产工艺和严重污染大气环境的落后设备实行淘汰制度。
The State shall eliminate backward production techniques and equipment that seriously pollutes the atmospheric environment.
国务院经济综合主管部门会同国务院有关部门公布限期禁止采用的严重污染大气环境的工艺名录和限期禁止生产、禁止销售、禁止进口、禁止使用的严重污染大气环境的设备名录。
The competent department for comprehensive economic and trade affairs under the State Council, in conjunction with other relevant departments under the State Council, shall publish a catalog of the techniques which seriously pollute the atmospheric environment ones that shall be prohibited from use within a time limit. It shall also catalog the equipment which seriously pollutes the atmospheric environment and which shall be prohibited from production, sale, import and use within a time limit.
生产者、销售者、进口者或者使用者必须在国务院经济综合主管部门会同国务院有关部门规定的期限内分别停止生产、销售、进口或者使用列入前款规定的名录中的设备。
Producers, sellers, importers or users shall stop the production, sale, importation or use of the equipment listed in the catalog as mentioned in the preceding paragraph. This must be done within the time limit prescribed by the competent department for comprehensive economic and trade affairs under the State Council in conjunction with the relevant departments under the State Council.
生产工艺的采用者必须在国务院经济综合主管部门会同国务院有关部门规定的期限内停止采用列入前款规定的名录中的工艺。
People who utilizes the production techniques listed in the catalog as mentioned in the preceding paragraph shall, within the time limit prescribed by the competent department for comprehensive economic affairs under the State Council in conjunction with the relevant departments under the State Council, stop the use of such techniques.
依照前两款规定被淘汰的设备，不得转让给他人使用。
The equipment eliminated in accordance with the provisions of the preceding two paragraphs may not be transferred to another for use.
第二十条 单位因发生事故或者其他突然性事件，排放和泄漏有毒有害气体和放射性物质，造成或者可能造成大气污染事故、危害人体健康的，必须立即采取防治大气污染危害的应急措施，通报可能受到大气污染危害的单位和居民，并报告当地环境保护行政主管部门，接受调查处理。
Article 20 Any unit that, as a result of an accident or any other exigency, discharges or leaks toxic or harmful gases or radioactive substances, thereby causing or threatening to cause an accident of atmospheric pollution and jeopardize human health, must promptly take emergency measures to prevent and control the atmospheric pollution hazards, make the situation known to such units and inhabitants as are likely to be endangered by the atmospheric pollution hazards, report the situation to the local administrative department of environmental protection and accept its investigation and settlement.
在大气受到严重污染，危害人体健康和安全的紧急情况下，当地人民政府应当及时向当地居民公告，采取强制性应急措施，包括责令有关排污单位停止排放污染物。
Under the emergency of a severe atmospheric pollution that may jeopardize human health and safety, the local people's government shall announce the situation to the local residents without delay and take compulsory emergency measures, including ordering the pollutant discharging units concerned to stop the discharge of pollutants.
第二十一条 环境保护行政主管部门和其他监督管理部门有权对管辖范围内的排污单位进行现场检查，
Article 21 The administrative department of environmental protection and other supervisory and administrative departments shall be empowered to make on-site inspections of units under their jurisdiction that discharge pollutants.
被检查单位必须如实反映情况，提供必要的资料。
The units being inspected must truthfully report the situation to them and provide them with the necessary information.
检查部门有义务为被检查单位保守技术秘密和业务秘密。
The inspecting authorities shall have the obligation to keep confidential the technological know-how and business secrets of the units inspected.
第二十二条 国务院环境保护行政主管部门建立大气污染监测制度，组织监测网络，制定统一的监测方法。
Article 22 The administrative department of environmental protection under the State Council shall set up a monitoring system for atmospheric pollution, organize a monitoring network and work out unified monitoring measures.
第二十三条 大、中城市人民政府环境保护行政主管部门应当定期发布大气环境质量状况公报，并逐步开展大气环境质量预报工作。
Article 23 The administrative department of environmental protection under the people's governments of large and medium-sized cities shall regularly publish reports on the quality of the atmospheric environment and gradually introduce the system of forecasting the quality of atmospheric environment.
大气环境质量状况公报应当包括城市大气环境污染特征、主要污染物的种类及污染危害程度等内容。
A report on the quality of the atmospheric environment shall include such contents as the characteristics of urban atmospheric pollution, the types of major pollutants and the extent of harm caused by the pollution.
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答：污染的英语是pollute。污染的介绍如下：污染（pollution）是指自然环境中混入了对人类或其他生物有害的物质，其数量或程度达到或超出环境承载力，从而改变环境正常状态的现象。具体包括：水污染、大气污染、噪声污染、放射性污染、重金属污染等。空气污染：室外大气中大量存在诸如尘埃、烟雾、煤气、迷雾、气味、...
你对解决空气污染有什么想法英文
答：你对解决空气污染有什么想法英文翻译：What do you think of solving air pollution 补充资料：（1）工业：工业生产是大气污染的一个重要来源。工业生产排放到大气中的污染物种类繁多，有烟尘、硫的氧化物、氮的氧化物、有机化合物、卤化物、碳化合物等。其中有的是烟尘，有的是气体。（2）生活炉灶与...
1.The air pollution is serious.
2.Air is being polluted seriously
Protection of the Environment
Once man did not have to think about the protection of his environment. There were few people on the earth, and natural resources seemed to be unlimited.
Today things are different. The world has become too crowded. We are using up our natural resources,and polluting our environment with dangerous chemicals. If we continue to do this, human life on earth will not survive.
We realize that if too many fish are taken from the sea, there will soon be none left. Yet,with modern fishing methods, more and more fish are caught.We know that if too many trees are cut down, forests will disappear. Yet, we continue to use powerful machines to cut down more and more trees. We see that if rivers are polluted with waste products, we will die. Yet, waste products are
still put into rivers.
We know that if the population continues to rise at the present rate, in a few years, there won’t be enough food.What can we do to solve these problems?
If we eat more vegetables and less meat, there will be more food available. Land for crops feeds five times more people than land where animals are kept.
Our natural resources will last longer if we learn to recycie them.
The world population will not rise so quickly if people use modern methods of birth control.
Finally, if we educate people to think about the problems we shall have a better and cleaner planet in the future.
翻译：保护环境
过去，人们不必担心保护环境的问题。 因为那时地球上人口稀少，自然资源似乎取之不尽。
如今，一切都改变了。世界变得拥挤异常。我们正在耗尽我们的自然资源，有毒化学制品的使用也正污染着环境。如果我们继续这样下去，地球上的生命将不复存在。
我们都知道如果从海里捕捉太多的鱼，海里就不会再有鱼了。但是，现代化的捕鱼技术使得捕鱼量越来越大。我们都知道如果砍伐太多的树木，森林就会消失。但是，我们仍旧使用强大的机械砍伐越来越多的树木。我们都知道如果河水被废弃物污染的话，我们只有死路一条。但是废弃物仍然源源不断地进入河里
我们知道，人口继续照现在这个速度增长的话，不出几年，就会发生食物短缺。我们该如何解决这些问题呢?
如果我们多吃蔬菜，少吃肉类的话，我们就会有更多的食物。因为同样大小的土地如果种庄稼的话会比养殖动物多养活五倍多的人。
如果我们学会再利用的话，自然资源就能持续更久。
如果人们使用现代化的生育控制方法，世界人口就不会增长如此迅猛。
最后，如果我们能够教育人们都意识到这些问题的话，未来我们就会有一个更好、更洁净的星球。
The presence in the atmospheric environment of natural and artificial substances that affect human health or well-being, or the well-being of any other specific organism. Pragmatically, air pollution also applies to situations where contaminants impact structures and artifacts or esthetic sensibilities (such as visibility or smell). Most artificial impurities are injected into the atmosphere at or near the Earth's surface. The lower atmosphere (troposphere) cleanses itself of some of these pollutants in a few hours or days as the larger particles settle to the surface and soluble gases and particles encounter precipitation or are removed through contact with surface objects. Unfortunately, removal of some pollutants (for example, sulfates and nitrates) by precipitation and dry deposition results in acid deposition, which may cause serious environmental damage. Also, mixing of the pollutants into the upper atmosphere may dilute the concentrations near the Earth's surface, but can cause long-term changes in the chemistry of the upper atmosphere, including the ozone layer. See also Atmosphere; Troposphere.
Types of sources
Sources may be characterized in a number of ways. First, a distinction may be made between natural and anthropogenic sources. Another frequent classification is in terms of stationary (power plants, incinerators, industrial operations, and space heating) and moving (motor vehicles, ships, aircraft, and rockets) sources. Another classification describes sources as point (a single stack), line (a line of stacks), or area (city).
Different types of pollution are conveniently specified in various ways: gaseous, such as carbon monoxide, or particulate, such as smoke, pesticides, and aerosol sprays; inorganic, such as hydrogen fluoride, or organic, such as mercaptans; oxidizing substances, such as ozone, or reducing substances, such as oxides of sulfur and oxide s of nitrogen; radioactive substances, such as iodine-131; inert substances, such as pollen or fly ash; or thermal pollution, such as the heat produced by nuclear power plants.
Air contaminants are produced in many ways and come from many sources; it is difficult to identify all the various producers. Also, for some pollutants such as carbon dioxide and methane, the natural emissions sometimes far exceed the anthropogenic emissions.
Both anthropogenic and natural emissions are variable from year to year, depending on fuel usage, industrial development, and climate. In some countries where pollution control regulations have been implemented, emissions have been significantly reduced. For example, in the United States sulfur dioxide emissions dropped by about 30% between 1970 and 1992, and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions were cut by over 30% in the same period. However, in some developing countries emissions continually rise as more cars are put on the road and more industrial facilities and power plants are constructed. In dry regions, natural emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon dioxide (CO2), and hydrocarbons can be greatly increased during a season with high rainfall and above-average vegetation growth.
The anthropogenic component of most estimates of the methane budget is about two-thirds. Ruminant production and emissions from rice paddies are regarded as anthropogenic because they result from human agricultural activities. The perturbations to carbon dioxide since the industrial revolution are also principally the result of human activities. These emissions have not yet equilibrated with the rest of the carbon cycle and so have had a profound effect on atmospheric levels, even though emissions from fossil fuel combustion are dwarfed by natural emissions.
Effects
The major concern with air pollution relates to its effects on humans. Since most people spend most of their time indoors, there has been increased interest in air-pollution concentrations in homes, workplaces, and shopping areas. Much of the early information on health effects came from occupational health studies completed prior to the implementation of general air-quality standards.
Air pollution principally injures the respiratory system, and health effects can be studied through three approaches, clinical, epidemiological, and toxicological. Clinical studies use human subjects in controlled laboratory conditions, epidemiological studies assess human subjects (health records) in real-world conditions, and toxicological studies are conducted on animals or simple cellular systems. Of course, epidemiological studies are the most closely related to actual conditions, but they are the most difficult to interpret because of the lack of control and the subsequent problems with statistical analysis. Another difficulty arises because of differences in response among different people. For example, elderly asthmatics are likely to be more strongly affected by sulfur dioxide than the teenage members of a hiking club. See also Epidemiology.
Damage to vegetation by air pollution is of many kinds. Sulfur dioxide may damage field crops such as alfalfa and trees such as pines, especially during the growing season (Fig. 1). Both hydrogen fluoride (HF) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in high concentrations have been shown to be harmful to citrus trees and ornamental plants, which are of economic, importance in central Florida. Ozone and ethylene are other contaminants that cause damage to certain kinds of vegetation.
Air pollution can affect the dynamics of the atmosphere through changes in longwave and shortwave radiation processes. Particles can absorb or reflect incoming short-wave solar radiation, keeping it from the Earth's surface during the day. Greenhouse gases can absorb long-wave radiation emitted by the Earth's surface and atmosphere.
Carbon dioxide, methane, fluorocarbons, nitrous oxides, ozone, and water vapor are important greenhouse gases. These represent a class of gases that selectively absorb long-wave radiation. This effect warms the temperature of the Earth's atmosphere and surface higher than would be found in the absence of an atmosphere (the greenhouse effect). Because the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is rising, there is a possibility that the temperature of the atmosphere will gradually rise, possibly resulting in a general warming of the global climate over a time period of several generations. See also Greenhouse effect.
Researchers are also concerned with pollution of the stratosphere (10–50 km or 6–30 mi above the Earth's surface) by aircraft and by broad surface sources. The stratosphere is important, because it contains the ozone layer, which absorbs part of the Sun's short-wave radiation and keeps it from reaching the surface. If the ozone layer is significantly depleted, an increase in skin cancer in humans is expected. Each 1% loss of ozone is estimated to increase the skin cancer rate 3–6%. See also Stratosphere.
Visibility is reduced as concentrations of aerosols or particles increase. The particles do not just affect visibility by themselves but also act as condensation nuclei for cloud or haze formation. In each of the three serious air-pollution episodes discussed above, smog (smoke and fog) were present with greatly reduced visibility.
Chemistry
Air pollution can be divided into primary and secondary compounds, where primary pollutants are emitted directly from sources (for example, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide) and secondary pollutants are produced by chemical reactions between other pollutants and atmospheric gases and particles (for example, sulfates, ozone). Most of the chemical transformations are best described as oxidation processes. In many cases these secondary pollutants can have significant environmental effects, such as acid rain and smog.
Smog is the best-known example of secondary pollutants formed by photochemical processes, as a result of primary emissions of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive hydrocarbons from anthropogenic sources such as transportation and industry as well as natural sources. Energy from the Sun causes the formation of nitrogen dioxide, ozone (O3), and peroxyacetalnitrate, which cause eye irritation and plant damage.
It has been shown that when emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide from tall power plant and other industrial stacks are carried over great distances and combined with emissions from other areas, acidic compounds can be formed by complex chemical reactions. In the absence of anthropogenic pollution sources, the average pH of rain is around 5.6 (slightly acidic). In the eastern United States, acid rain with a pH less than 5.0 has been measured and consists of about 65% dilute sulfuric acid, 30% dilute nitric acid, and 5% other acids.
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二章 大气污染防治的监督管理
Chapter II Supervision and Management of the Prevention and Control of Atmospheric Pollution
第十一条 新建、扩建、改建向大气排放污染物的项目，必须遵守国家有关建设项目环境保护管理的规定。
Article 11 New construction projects, expansion or reconstruction projects which discharge atmospheric pollutants shall be governed by the State regulations concerning environmental protection for such projects.
建设项目的环境影响报告书，必须对建设项目可能产生的大气污染和对生态环境的影响作出评价，规定防治措施，并按照规定的程序报环境保护行政主管部门审查批准。
An environmental impact statement on construction projects shall include an assessment of the atmospheric pollution the project is likely to produce and its impact on the ecosystem, stipulate the preventive and curative measures. The statement shall be submitted, according to the specified procedure, to the administrative department of environmental protection concerned for examination and approval.
建设项目投入生产或者使用之前，其大气污染防治设施必须经过环境保护行政主管部门验收，达不到国家有关建设项目环境保护管理规定的要求的建设项目，不得投入生产或者使用。
When a construction project is to be put into operation or to use, its facilities for the prevention of atmospheric pollution must be checked and accepted by the administrative department of environmental protection. Construction projects that do not fulfill the requirements specified in the State regulations concerning environmental protection for such construction projects shall not be permitted to begin operation or to use.
第十二条 向大气排放污染物的单位，必须按照国务院环境保护行政主管部门的规定向所在地的环境保护行政主管部门申报拥有的污染物排放设施、处理设施和在正常作业条件下排放污染物的种类、数量、浓度，并提供防治大气污染方面的有关技术资料。
Article 12 Units that discharge atmospheric pollutants must, pursuant to the provisions of the administrative department of environmental protection under the State Council, report to the local administrative department of environmental protection its existing discharge and treatment facilities for pollutants and the categories, quantities and concentrations of pollutants discharged under normal operation conditions and submit to the same department relevant technical data concerning the prevention and control of atmospheric pollution.
前款规定的排污单位排放大气污染物的种类、数量、浓度有重大改变的，应当及时申报；
Units that discharge pollutants as specified in the preceding paragraph shall report in due time about any substantial change in the category, quantity or concentration of the atmospheric pollutants discharged.
其大气污染物处理设施必须保持正常使用，拆除或者闲置大气污染物处理设施的，必须事先报经所在地的县级以上地方人民政府环境保护行政主管部门批准。
Their atmospheric pollutant treatment facilities must ensure normal operations. Where the said facilities are to be dismantled or left idle, approval of the local administrative department of environmental protection under the people's government above the county level shall be obtained in advance.
第十三条 向大气排放污染物的，其污染物排放浓度不得超过国家和地方规定的排放标准。
Article 13 Where atmospheric pollutants are discharged, the concentration of the said pollutants may not exceed the standards prescribed by the State and local authorities.
第十四条 国家实行按照向大气排放污染物的种类和数量征收排污费的制度，根据加强大气污染防治的要求和国家的经济、技术条件合理制定排污费的征收标准。
Article 14 The State implements a system of collecting fees for discharging pollutants on the basis of the categories and quantities of the atmospheric pollutants discharged, and establishing reasonable standards for collecting the fees therefor according to the needs of strengthening prevention and control of atmospheric pollution and the State's economic and technological conditions.
征收排污费必须遵守国家规定的标准，具体办法和实施步骤由国务院规定。
The standards provided by the State shall be observed in the collection of fees for discharge of pollutants, the concrete measures therefor and. State Council shall enact the implementing procedures
征收的排污费一律上缴财政，按照国务院的规定用于大气污染防治，不得挪作他用，并由审计机关依法实施审计监督。
The fees collected for discharge of pollutants shall all be turned over to the Treasury and shall be used for the prevention and control of atmospheric pollution as prescribed by the State Council and may not be misappropriated. The auditing authorities shall exercise supervision through auditing according to law.
第十五条 国务院和省、自治区、直辖市人民政府对尚未达到规定的大气环境质量标准的区域和国务院批准划定的酸雨控制区、二氧化硫污染控制区，可以划定为主要大气污染物排放总量控制区。
Article 15 With regard to the regions not meeting the prescribed standards for the quality of atmospheric environment and the acid rain control areas and the sulfur dioxide pollution control areas designated as such with the approval of the State Council, the State Council or the people's government of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government may delimit them as the major areas for the total emission control air pollutants .
主要大气污染物排放总量控制的具体办法由国务院规定。
The concrete measures for the State Council shall prescribe the total emission control of major air pollutants.
大气污染物总量控制区内有关地方人民政府依照国务院规定的条件和程序，按照公开、公平、公正的原则，核定企业事业单位的主要大气污染物排放总量，核发主要大气污染物排放许可证。
The local people's government concerned in the areas for the control of total emission of air pollutants shall check and approve the total emission of major air pollutants by enterprises and institutions and issue them licenses for emission of major air pollutants. It shall do this in accordance with the conditions and procedures provided by the State Council and in line with the principles of openness, fairness and impartiality.
有大气污染物总量控制任务的企业事业单位，必须按照核定的主要大气污染物排放总量和许可证规定的排放条件排放污染物。
The enterprises and institutions obliged to control their total emission of air pollutants must emit their pollutants according to the checked and approved standards for the total emission of major air pollutants and the conditions of emission provided by the license.
第十六条 在国务院和省、自治区、直辖市人民政府划定的风景名胜区、自然保护区、文物保护单位附近地区和其他需要特别保护的区域内，不得建设污染环境的工业生产设施；
Article 16 No industrial production facilities that cause environmental pollution shall be built within scenic spots or places of historical interest, natural reserves, areas close to historical or cultural sites under protection and other places that need special protection, as designated by the State Council or the people's government of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government.
建设其他设施，其污染物排放不得超过规定的排放标准。
Other facilities to be built in these areas must not emit air pollutants in access of the prescribed standards for pollutant discharge.
在本法施行前企业事业单位已经建成的设施，其污染物排放超过规定的排放标准的，依照本法第四十八条的规定限期治理。
Enterprises and institutions which built before the enforcement of this Law, with facilities discharging more pollutants than permitted by the prescribed discharge standards shall be ordered to dealt with within a period of time in accordance with the provisions of Article 48 of this Law.
第十七条 国务院按照城市总体规划、环境保护规划目标和城市大气环境质量状况，划定大气污染防治重点城市。
Article 17 The State Council shall, in accordance with the general plan for urban development, the target of the environment protection plan and the quality of the urban atmospheric environment, designate some cities as key cities for the control of air pollution.
直辖市、省会城市、沿海开放城市和重点旅游城市应当列入大气污染防治重点城市。
Municipalities directly under the Central Government, provincial capitals, coastal open cities and key tourist cities shall be designated as key cities for the control of air pollution.
未达到大气环境质量标准的大气污染防治重点城市，应当按照国务院或者国务院环境保护行政主管部门规定的期限，达到大气环境质量标准。
Where key cities for the control of air pollution do not meet the standards for the quality of the atmospheric environment, they shall endeavor to meet such standards within the time limit prescribed by the State Council or the administrative department of environmental protection under the State Council.
该城市人民政府应当制定限期达标规划，并可以根据国务院的授权或者规定，采取更加严格的措施，按期实现达标规划。
The people's government of such a city shall make plans to meet the standards within the time limit, and may, in line with the authorization or relevant regulations of the State Council, adopt even more stringent measures to realize such plans.
第十八条 国务院环境保护行政主管部门会同国务院有关部门，根据气象、地形、土壤等自然条件，可以对已经产生、可能产生酸雨的地区或者其他二氧化硫污染严重的地区，经国务院批准后，划定为酸雨控制区或者二氧化硫污染控制区。
Article 18 The administrative department of environmental protection under the State Council together with relevant departments under the State Council may, in light of the meteorological, topographical, soil and other natural conditions, delimit the areas where acid rain has occurred or will probably occur and areas that are seriously polluted by sulfur dioxide as acid rain control areas and sulfur dioxide pollution control areas with the approval the State Council.
第十九条 企业应当优先采用能源利用效率高、污染物排放量少的清洁生产工艺，减少大气污染物的产生。
Article 19 Enterprises shall give priority to the adoption of clean production techniques that are instrumental to high efficient use of energy and to reducing the discharge of pollutants so as to decrease the generation of atmospheric pollutants.
国家对严重污染大气环境的落后生产工艺和严重污染大气环境的落后设备实行淘汰制度。
The State shall eliminate backward production techniques and equipment that seriously pollutes the atmospheric environment.
国务院经济综合主管部门会同国务院有关部门公布限期禁止采用的严重污染大气环境的工艺名录和限期禁止生产、禁止销售、禁止进口、禁止使用的严重污染大气环境的设备名录。
The competent department for comprehensive economic and trade affairs under the State Council, in conjunction with other relevant departments under the State Council, shall publish a catalog of the techniques which seriously pollute the atmospheric environment ones that shall be prohibited from use within a time limit. It shall also catalog the equipment which seriously pollutes the atmospheric environment and which shall be prohibited from production, sale, import and use within a time limit.
生产者、销售者、进口者或者使用者必须在国务院经济综合主管部门会同国务院有关部门规定的期限内分别停止生产、销售、进口或者使用列入前款规定的名录中的设备。
Producers, sellers, importers or users shall stop the production, sale, importation or use of the equipment listed in the catalog as mentioned in the preceding paragraph. This must be done within the time limit prescribed by the competent department for comprehensive economic and trade affairs under the State Council in conjunction with the relevant departments under the State Council.
生产工艺的采用者必须在国务院经济综合主管部门会同国务院有关部门规定的期限内停止采用列入前款规定的名录中的工艺。
People who utilizes the production techniques listed in the catalog as mentioned in the preceding paragraph shall, within the time limit prescribed by the competent department for comprehensive economic affairs under the State Council in conjunction with the relevant departments under the State Council, stop the use of such techniques.
依照前两款规定被淘汰的设备，不得转让给他人使用。
The equipment eliminated in accordance with the provisions of the preceding two paragraphs may not be transferred to another for use.
第二十条 单位因发生事故或者其他突然性事件，排放和泄漏有毒有害气体和放射性物质，造成或者可能造成大气污染事故、危害人体健康的，必须立即采取防治大气污染危害的应急措施，通报可能受到大气污染危害的单位和居民，并报告当地环境保护行政主管部门，接受调查处理。
Article 20 Any unit that, as a result of an accident or any other exigency, discharges or leaks toxic or harmful gases or radioactive substances, thereby causing or threatening to cause an accident of atmospheric pollution and jeopardize human health, must promptly take emergency measures to prevent and control the atmospheric pollution hazards, make the situation known to such units and inhabitants as are likely to be endangered by the atmospheric pollution hazards, report the situation to the local administrative department of environmental protection and accept its investigation and settlement.
在大气受到严重污染，危害人体健康和安全的紧急情况下，当地人民政府应当及时向当地居民公告，采取强制性应急措施，包括责令有关排污单位停止排放污染物。
Under the emergency of a severe atmospheric pollution that may jeopardize human health and safety, the local people's government shall announce the situation to the local residents without delay and take compulsory emergency measures, including ordering the pollutant discharging units concerned to stop the discharge of pollutants.
第二十一条 环境保护行政主管部门和其他监督管理部门有权对管辖范围内的排污单位进行现场检查，
Article 21 The administrative department of environmental protection and other supervisory and administrative departments shall be empowered to make on-site inspections of units under their jurisdiction that discharge pollutants.
被检查单位必须如实反映情况，提供必要的资料。
The units being inspected must truthfully report the situation to them and provide them with the necessary information.
检查部门有义务为被检查单位保守技术秘密和业务秘密。
The inspecting authorities shall have the obligation to keep confidential the technological know-how and business secrets of the units inspected.
第二十二条 国务院环境保护行政主管部门建立大气污染监测制度，组织监测网络，制定统一的监测方法。
Article 22 The administrative department of environmental protection under the State Council shall set up a monitoring system for atmospheric pollution, organize a monitoring network and work out unified monitoring measures.
第二十三条 大、中城市人民政府环境保护行政主管部门应当定期发布大气环境质量状况公报，并逐步开展大气环境质量预报工作。
Article 23 The administrative department of environmental protection under the people's governments of large and medium-sized cities shall regularly publish reports on the quality of the atmospheric environment and gradually introduce the system of forecasting the quality of atmospheric environment.
大气环境质量状况公报应当包括城市大气环境污染特征、主要污染物的种类及污染危害程度等内容。
A report on the quality of the atmospheric environment shall include such contents as the characteristics of urban atmospheric pollution, the types of major pollutants and the extent of harm caused by the pollution.
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答：目录 1 拼音 2 英文参考 3 注解 1 拼音 dà qì wū rǎn 2 英文参考 air pollution 3 注解 大气污染指人为的或由火山活动等自然产生的物质，被带到大气中来，其浓度或持续时间达到妨碍人和动植物生活的状态。这种现象很久以来在工矿区已为人们所注意，但近年来随着工...
答：朋友，大气污染的PM是一个专有名词。PM的英文名称为particulate matter(颗粒物）。人们现在用PM2.5表示每立方米空气中这种颗粒的含量，这个值越高，就代表空气污染越严重。空气质量预报中，可吸入颗粒物和总悬浮颗粒物是人们较为熟悉的两种大气污染物。 可吸入颗粒物又称为PM10，指直径大于2.5微米、...
答：acoustical pollution 声(响)污染 aerial pollution 空气污染 agricultural pollution 农业污染 air(borne) pollution 大气污染 aquatic pollution 水污染 atmospheric pollution 大气污染 bacterial pollution 细菌污染 chronic pollution 慢性[长期]污染 coal *** oke pollution 煤烟污染 coastal pollution 沿[近]...
答：大气污染的英语是：air pollution 拓展 什么是大气污染 按照国际标准化组织（ISO）定义，大气污染通常是指由于人类活动或自然过程引起某些物质进入大气中，呈现出足够的浓度，达到足够的时间，并因此危害了人体的舒适、健康和福利或环境污染的现象。因此，大气污染的形成及危害程度，不仅是以空气中是否存在某种...
答：朋友,大气污染的PM是一个专有名词.PM的英文名称为particulate matter(颗粒物）.人们现在用PM2.5表示每立方米空气中这种颗粒的含量,这个值越高,就代表空气污染越严重.空气质量预报中,可吸入颗粒物和总悬浮颗粒物是人...
答：PM,英文全称为particulate matter(颗粒物)。科学家用PM2.5表示每立方米空气中这种颗粒的含量,这个值越高,就代表空气污染越严重。 在城市空气质量日报或周报中的可吸入颗粒物和总悬浮颗粒物是人们较为熟悉的两种大气污染物。 可吸入颗粒物又称为PM10,指直径大于2.5微米、等于或小于10微米,可以进入人的呼吸系统的颗...
答：您好：In my hometown,the air is polluted seriously.However,in recent years,the pollution gets from bad to worse,because of the increasing number of private cars.Especially during the rush hours,too many private vehicles move slowly on narrow roads,emitting a large amount of waste gas...
答：找了很多关于污染的网页,无意发现了这一页,具体地让偶都汗了好几下~~~好佩服自己,呵呵 顺便把19,20,21世纪有的都给你找来了,呵呵。不过都是关于空气污染的。1827 French scientist J.B. Fourier outlines atmospheric process by which earth’s temperature is altered, using a hothouse analogy...
答：污染的英语是pollute。污染的介绍如下：污染（pollution）是指自然环境中混入了对人类或其他生物有害的物质，其数量或程度达到或超出环境承载力，从而改变环境正常状态的现象。具体包括：水污染、大气污染、噪声污染、放射性污染、重金属污染等。空气污染：室外大气中大量存在诸如尘埃、烟雾、煤气、迷雾、气味、...
答：你对解决空气污染有什么想法英文翻译：What do you think of solving air pollution 补充资料：（1）工业：工业生产是大气污染的一个重要来源。工业生产排放到大气中的污染物种类繁多，有烟尘、硫的氧化物、氮的氧化物、有机化合物、卤化物、碳化合物等。其中有的是烟尘，有的是气体。（2）生活炉灶与...
