求英语高手帮忙翻译!!!(急急急!!希望手工翻译)
国际信息处理联合组织（IFIP）是一个由多数工作在信息科技领域的国家科学家组成的。它是一个办公点在奥地利的非政府，非盈利性质的组织。它的会员涵盖48个国家的社会团体和科学界的学术人士。
IFIP在UNESCO的赞助下成立于1960年，最初的名字是国际信息处理科学家联盟。准备阶段，1959年的六月，在巴黎UNESCO组织了首个国际信息处理的会议，那是IFIP的第一次代表大会。在1961年改称了现在的名字。最初IFIP的建立的定义是Algol（这个不知道什么意思）60个程序语言，也是第一个在计算机科学领域的合作例子，同时留下了全部领域的一个持久标记。2009年，在IFIP的赞助下IFIP IP3被贯彻了领导全球IT专业的发展概念。
技术委员会
IFIP的活动和它的十四个被分成工作小组的技术委员会相关[3]，这些工作组（名字有如：WG2.4软件实施技术）组织会议，运行项目，收集技术文件，并分发给工作组。
*TC1：计算机科学基础[4] [5]
*TC2：软件：理论与实践[6] [7] [8]
*TC三：教育
*TC5：资讯科技应用
*TC6：通信系统
*TC7：系统建模与优化
*TC8：信息系统
*TC9：电脑与社会的关系[9]
*TC10：计算机系统技术
*TC11：安全和保护信息处理系统
*TC12：人工智能
*TC13：人机交互
*TC14：电脑娱乐
目前的IFIP TC1成立于1997年。先前曾有过更早的TC1，技术委员会1，这是最早的IFIP的技术委员会。成立于1961年，它产生了一个多语种信息处理术语词典。后来解散了。
（TC：Technical Committee 译者注）
人工翻译，请参考。一楼的机器翻译真让人无语。。。。
Deadlock means that the negotiating parties in the negotiations on the interests of their own expectations or to a position on the issue and point of view there are differences, it is difficult to form a consensus, but are unwilling to compromise to make concessions to each other, the negotiation process will appear pause, negotiations or enter the deadlock.After the emergence of the negotiations impasse in the negotiations between the interests and feelings will have an adverse impact. Impasse in the negotiations there will be two kinds of consequences: to break the deadlock to continue negotiations or talks broke down, of course, the latter result is that both sides want to see.
一．Causes deadlock
Understand the reasons for deadlock occurs, to avoid deadlock, the event of a deadlock able to apply scientific and effective strategies and techniques to break the deadlock and re-smooth the negotiations proceed, negotiators have become an important skill to master.
1, the position of point of view of the dispute.
Both parties maintained their own point of view to the exclusion of the other's position and viewpoint, the formation of deadlock situation.If the two sides in the negotiating process viewpoints on their respective positions for subjective bias that one's own side is correct and reasonable, while the other is wrong, and who is not willing to give up their position and viewpoint, often dispute, deadlock.The interests of both the real needs are such a stand point of view of the controversy over the upset, while the two sides in order to safeguard their own face, not only unwilling to make concessions, but in a negative tone, accusing each other, forcing the other to change the position and viewpoint, the negotiations became can not be compatible with the position of opposition.Out of one's own position on the negotiators to maintain the psychological point of view tend to result in bias can not be calm and respect each other's views and objective facts.Both dogmatic exclusion of the other, but forget about the interests, or even in order to “defend” the position of the correct point of view, threatening to withdraw from the negotiations.
Dealing with this impasse, it might undermine the negotiations and cooperative atmosphere, a waste of time negotiating, and even hurt their feelings, broke down towards the final outcome of the negotiations. Stand point of view of the deadlock caused by disputes is relatively common, because it is easy to stand in the negotiations into perspective, when a dispute stalled negotiations, owing unable to extricate themselves.
2, in the face of the resistance force.
A condition imposed in the other direction, is more subject to coercion to force a party, the less give way to form the deadlock. Party holds certain advantages, they consider themselves to each other advantage to the unreasonable terms of trade, forcing the other party to accept, or threatened the other side.Was forced to one side for the maintenance of their own interests or the need to safeguard the dignity and refuse to accept the other side's unreasonable conditions imposed on the resistance to force the other side. This stalemate, the negotiations stalled.
3, information communication obstacles.
The negotiation process is a communication process, and only the parties to achieve the correct information, comprehensive and smooth communication, in order to understand each other in order to correctly grasp and understanding of each other's interests and conditions. But in fact the two sides will face all kinds of communication barriers, resulting in obstruction or distortion of communication, so that they create antagonism and thus deadlock.
Communication disorders mainly as follows: As the two sides caused by differences in cultural background of the concept of barriers, customs barriers, language barriers; because of the knowledge structure, educational attainment, the problems caused by differences in understanding of differences; because of the psychological, personality differences caused by affective disorders ; as ability to express differences in expression caused by the spread of obstacles.Communication barriers to enable the negotiating parties can not be accurate, truthful, comprehensive manner of information, ideas, emotional communication, and even misunderstanding and antagonism, so that negotiations can not proceed smoothly.
4, negotiators behavior errors.
Behavior of the negotiators mistakes often caused by dissatisfaction with each other to produce resentment and a strong confrontation, so that deadlock.For example, individual negotiators work style, courtesy, and conversation, negotiation methods in areas where there are serious mistakes, and violated the dignity or interests of the other side, it will create antagonism, so that it is difficult negotiations proceed smoothly, resulting in a very embarrassing situation.
5, occasional disturbances.
In business negotiations through a period of time likely to be some chance happening. When these cases involve the interests of party pros and cons of the negotiations, negotiations will be a result of these occasional disturbances and deadlock.For example, a mutation in the external environment during the negotiations, a negotiating parties will suffer if the original negotiations on the interests of a conditional loss, so he would overturn the concessions have been made, which led to the other side's grievances so that deadlock. As the negotiations are not possible in a vacuum, the negotiators should at any time according to changes in the external environment, adjust their negotiation strategies and trading conditions, so the emergence of the impasse also inevitable.
累死人啊!!你要加我分啊~!
When the two sides of a question that serious differences are not willing to compromise and stalemate, blindly argue and solve the problem, there are differences can be used to avoid the subject of a new topic for the negotiations with each other. This has two advantages:
(1) can gain time to bring forward other negotiations, to avoid the long delays in the precious time to argue; (2) When the other issues to reach agreement through negotiations after the divisive issues that have a positive impact, and then come back into the topic of the impasse, the atmosphere will be improved, ideas will become open-minded solution to the problem would be much easier than before.
2, respect for objectivity and attention to the interests of.
As the negotiations each side insist on one's own position and viewpoint, due to differences in the subjective understanding of negotiations, owing impasse. At this time in a heated debate in the negotiations is easy from the objective reality, to forget what our common interests. So, when the negotiations were deadlocked, first of all to overcome subjective bias, from an objective point of view of respect, concerns the overall interests and long-term business objectives, rather than blind pursuit of victory or defeat in argument. If it is debated because some minor problems which led to the impasse, this argument is of little significance. Even if the dispute is a critical issue, but also objectively evaluate their positions and conditions,
Give full consideration to the interests of each other's requirements and the actual situation calmly and seriously thinking about one's own how to achieve the ideal goal. Sensible way to overcome the blind hope that through stood their ground to "win" too talks. So as to talking about things like the face of objective reality, in order to achieve the common interests of both sides to break the deadlock.
3, a variety of programs, select an alternative.
If both sides adopt a program only to negotiate, when such a program can not be acceptable to both parties at the same time, they will form a deadlock. In fact the negotiations that often exist in a variety of programs to meet the interests of both parties. During preparations for the negotiations should be prepared to produce a variety of options. Once a program has encountered obstacles, they can provide additional backup options for the other options so that the "suspect trackless mountain heavy water complex" situation into a "vista" good situation. Who can provide options for a creative, who will be able to grasp the initiative in the negotiations. Of course, such an alternative should be able to safeguard one's own vital interests,
And take care of each other's needs, in order to convince the other pairs of alternatives are interested in the program and then look for new consensus on both sides.
4, respect for each other, the effective yield.
When negotiations bogged down over the two sides disagree each other so that when the negotiators should be aware that sit at the negotiating table is intended to reach an agreement to achieve the common interests of both sides, if the co-operation to promote the benefits of success should be greater than stick to one's own position on harvest led to the breakdown of negotiations, then the yield is a smart and effective approach.
When the two sides of a question that serious differences are not willing to compromise and stalemate, blindly argue and solve the problem, there are differences can be used to avoid the subject of a new topic for the negotiations with each other. This has two advantages:
Take effective yield method based on the three points to break the deadlock understanding: First, one's own with a dialectical way of thinking, wisely recognized that slight concessions on some issues, but on other issues to fight for better conditions; in the immediate previous do a bit of sacrifice in exchange for long-term interests; slight concessions in local interests, while ensuring the overall interests. Second, more than one's own standing in each other's point of view, to eliminate prejudice and misunderstanding, some requirements are too high for the conditions of one's own to make some concessions. Thirdly, the initiative passed to the other concession gesture of cooperation one's own sincerity and respect each other's tolerance,
1, avoid divergence, transfer issue.
When both sides of a serious issue differences are not willing to compromise and stalled, blindly argue and can't solve the problem, can use avoidance of divergence, change a new issue with each other. It has two advantages:
(1) can get time to other problems of negotiations, avoid long argued that the delay time, (2) when the other issues through agreement to differ, the positive effect problem, then turned to talk about the stalled issues will be improved, the atmosphere will be broadened and ideas to solve the problems will be much more easily than before.
2, the respect objective, pay attention to the interest.
Because each negotiating position on both sides, because of their subjective understanding of the differences and negotiations stalled. This is the negotiator easily from heated debate, forget what is the common interests of all. So, when the negotiator standoff, the first to overcome prejudice, from the respect objective perspective, pay attention to the overall interests of the enterprise and the long-term goal, but not blindly pursuing the argument. If it is due to some problems caused; vigorous debate, the argument is not deadlock what meaning. If the argument is key to objectively evaluate, both sides and conditions, full consideration of other requirements and actual situation, the interests of serious thinking calmly how to achieve their ideal goal. Rationally overcome blindly want to hold their positions by "win" negotiations. This can calm down to face reality, to realize the common interests of both sides and managed to break the deadlock.
3 and various schemes, the alternative.
If both parties only adopted a plan, when this scheme to negotiate for both accept, can form the deadlock. Actually there are many meet in the negotiations both sides benefit plan. In the period of preparation should be ready to negotiate a various alternatives. Once a scheme barriers, can provide other alternative choice for each other, make water replies, "has a situation of" into "a siler lining the good situation. Who can creatively provide alternatives, who can grasp the initiative in the negotiations. Of course this alternative to can maintain their vital interests, and to each other, can make the demand for alternative interested party, and from the sides of the new scheme for the consensus.
4, respect each other, effective and concessions.
When the negotiations both sides were at sixes and sevens eyeball over and stalled, negotiators should understand, sit to the negotiating table's purpose is to achieve the common interests of both sides agreed to cooperate, if the benefits of successful adherence to more than their position, so the talks broke down harvest is clever effective practice concessions.
Adopt effective method of breaking deadlock concession based on three know: first, using the method of dialectical thinking their awareness and wise in some problems, and as a concession on other issues for better. In the immediate interests, and do some sacrifices for long-term interests, In local interests, and ensure a concession to make overall interests. Second, and more than their stand in each other's point of view, eliminate prejudices and misunderstandings, some requirements for their high conditions make some concessions. Third, the active attitude to transfer the concession of cooperative sincerity and respect each other's tolerance to each other in some conditions, make corresponding concessions. If the other party still insist on the original condition, there was no proof sanctioned regime, self can transform the new strategy, adjust the negotiations.
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